ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been suggested that psychotherapy makes some persons better and some worse, and that this might account for the findings of some studies that there was no significant difference between the mean improvement scores of psychotherapy and control groups.The results of a controlled study indicate, however, that psychotherapy alone did not significantly increase outcome variance in schizophrenia by comparison to a control group. In fact, there was a nonsignificant tendency to decreased variability. Ataraxic drugs alone, psychotherapy plus ataraxic drugs, and ECT had significant variance-reducing effects.There is no convincing evidence, either in the literature or from the findings of this study, that a greater outcome variability results from psychotherapy than that resulting from hospitalization and nursing care (control). Our findings support the view that by comparison with a control group, a treatment for schizophreniareducesoutcome variance in proportion to its efficacy on the particular criterion under study.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Four groups of hospitalized VA patients were administered a reaction time task in which the conditions of stimulus presentation varied from subject autonomy to experimenter control. Questionnaires were administered to assess patients' self-reports of locus of control (Rotter's I-E scale) and their perceptions of their mothers' child rearing attitudes (Schaefer's CRPBI). Reaction times of chronic schizophrenics were significantly slower than poor and good premorbid acute schizophrenics and nonpsychotics, and the poor but not the good premorbids were significantly slower than the nonpsychotics. The autonomy-control manipulations produced a trend supporting the finding of Cromwellet al.that chronic schizophrenics perform best in an experimenter-controlled condition whereas nonpsychotics do best in an autonomous condition. Variation of these treatments, however, caused no differences in acute schizophrenics' task performance. When examined together, the reaction time and questionnaire findings suggest that autonomy and generalized locus of control are not salient factors in explaining schizophrenic performance deficit.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the present study the relationship between MMPI variables and adequacy of function in verbal and performance intelligence, concept formation, sensory-perceptual and motor skills was examined in 129 subjects with definite evidence of cerebral lesions. Patients with greater impairment of abilities showed higher elevations on the MMPI variables, suggesting more emotional difficulties. Based on the present results and those of two previous studies by the same authors it was concluded that: a) MMPI variables are more closely related to measures of adequacy of function in adaptive abilities than they are to measures of lesion localization based upon pathoanatomical characteristics of the brain; and b) except for verbal skills the relationship between the MMPI variables and various adaptive skills is relatively minor. Interpretive limitations of the MMPI with brain-damaged patients and the need for devising other tests sensitive to the nuances of emotional difficulties of patients with brain lesions were discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The difficulties of research connecting events in the social field with onset of an illness are illustrated by four case studies exemplifying differing aspects of pathological grief, where the stress of an unresolved bereavement crisis was associated with the onset of a manic illness. The studies are: a) in early bereavement; b) as a repeated anniversary reaction; c) after 10 years, as a result of pathological identification and reparation; d) the loss of a symbiotic relationship. These were associated with widely varying temporal relationships between the loss, the stress, and the illness (8 days, five anniversaries over 6 years, 10 years, and 2 1/2 years, respectively).It is postulated that mania supervenes at a time when stress (“distress”) is persistent, and the pathological mourning unresolved and unadaptive. The sequence–pathological grief, distress, mania–is viewed in a psychosomatic model and this view supported. The notion of “switch into mania” is also supported, and the importance of diverse theories to the increased understanding of the natural history and prevention of psychiatric illness is underlined.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An unusual, acute extrapyramidal reaction, which resulted from treatment with haloperidol and which was unresponsive to standard anticholinergic treatment and indistinguishable on clinical grounds from acute catatonia, is described. Because the etiology of this reaction was not appreciated, progressive, life-threatening physiological deterioration ensued accompanied by unremitting neuromuscular symptoms, a clinical picture resembling both “lethal catatonia” and the rare “neuroleptic malignant syndrome.” The literature on these conditions is reviewed and various problems in differential diagnosis are discussed. It is proposed that some cases of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and perhaps lethal catatonia may represent the evolution of severe extrapyramidal reactions.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Previous clinical work has indicated that addicted men (both alcoholic and heroin dependent) have a distant or negative relationship to their father.To test this hypothesis and to attempt to quantify the concept of “father-distance,” a 16-item questionnaire regarding a young man's relationship to his father was given to three groups: a heroin- and alcohol-addicted group; a general psychiatric outpatient group; and a control group. The results indicated that only the addicted group had significant elevations of the father-distance score. This appears to substantiate the hypothesis that many drug abusers view their relationship to their father as difficult or distant. Their greater father-distance than the psychiatric outpatient group indicates that the behavior of drug abuse may be different from other emotional problems of young men and is more specifically associated with a disturbed father-son relationship. Delinquent behavior and conduct disorders have long been thought to be related to a disturbed father-son relationship and these data suggest that drug abuse in young men should often be considered and treated as a disorder of behavior.According to analytic theory, developmental theory, family theory, and statistical evidence, the father-son relationship is important to the development of social skills, skills which many addicted persons lack. Identification (by the son, with the father) is the process by which values and standards of behavior are first developed. Therefore, the mechanisms of identification and its role in the development of social skills would appear to be central to an understanding and treatment of addiction in man. It has been demonstrated that identification occurs through the perceived salience of father, the role model. This salience is achieved through availability, nurturing, and power demonstrated by rewards, threats, and punishments.The implications for treatment are profoundly important. Limited treatment programs which assume the presence of social skills are likely to fail for those identified as father-distant. We suggest that drug-addicted young men who have poor social skills need a treatment program which makes use of the developmental factors related to the process of identification. The treatment should therefore be comprehensive, probably residential for a significant period of time, highly structured, supportive, nurturing, and authoritarian. “Fathering” factors (guidance, encouragement, personal involvement, provision of rewards, punishments, and models for identification) would be the important components.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present study investigated the influence of perceptual field orientation, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), on cognitive functioning among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The subjects were classified as field dependent, intermediate, or field independent based upon their GEFT scores. Cognitive function was assessed by the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale as well as the Category Test, Tactual Performance Test, and Trail Making Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, Three primary findings emerged. First, the alcoholics appeared to be significantly impaired on measures of abstraction, problem solving, and adaptive abilities relative to nonalcoholics. Second, a direct relationship was found between GEFT scores and level of cognitive function within both alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-dependent subjects evidencing the most impaired performance. Third, the level of perceptual field orientation accounted for a large portion of the variance between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-independent alcoholics performing at a level comparable to or greater than other nonalcoholic subgroups on a number of the cognitive variables. These results provide validational support for the GEFT and indicate that field orientation may be a relevant variable in the assessment of cognitive function in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A combination of aversive therapy and orgasmic reconditioning failed to produce the expected changes in sexual activities and arousal patterns. A procedure that involved verbalizing deviant fantasies while engaged in continual masturbation for nine sessions each of 1 1/2 hours duration, led to marked changes in sexual interests in an appropriate direction.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A record review of patients who were committed by the court during the course of a hospitalization at an acute urban facility was carried out.Court-committed patients represented 4 per cent of total patients admitted during a 2-year period. Black patients and patients over the age of 70 were more likely to reach the stage of a court hearing and be committed. Schizophrenia was the most frequent diagnosis, being present in well over one half of court-committed patients. Approximately one third of the patients had a hospital stay exceeding 3 months, and transfer to a long term inpatient program occurred significantly more often among court-committed patients as compared to the rest of the hospitalized population. The majority of court-committed patients were eventually returned to the community; about one fifth were placed in intermediate facilities such as boarding or nursing homes.When legal status of previous and subsequent hospitalizations of this sample of court-committed patients was examined, a clear predominance of uncomplicated voluntary hospitalization became apparent.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1977

数据来源: OVID