ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Self-confrontation by audio- and videotape has been used in a variety of contexts. Most reports stress its salutary effects on learning and in achieving objectivity toward oneself. An analysis of the procedure stresses the perceptual aspects of the situation. Laboratory experiments strongly suggest that personality qualities are mediated by expressive behavior and these peremptorily confront a subject in the self-confrontation situation, thus momentarily deautomatizing his typical defensive stance toward himself. The method thus widens the realm for self-exploration. Therapeutic use requires integration of the method within a technique of psychotherapy, for it cannot be considered a method of therapy by itself. Evaluations of its effects and effectiveness in psychotherapy are called for.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty psychiatric inpatients with various diagnoses were divided randomly into four groups of 10Ss each and then given a brief standardized interview, which was videotaped. The day after the videotaping, the patients were shown one of four different types of playback of the recorded interview: 1) audio and video (AV); 2) audio alone (AV); 3) video alone (AV); 4) neither audio nor video (AV). Cognitive and affective measures were obtained before and after the playback. Results suggested that self-relevant information mediated via the auditory channel was contextually richer, more effective in eliciting cognitive and affective changes inSs and more consonantly apprehended than information channeled visually.After self-observation under the unstructured playback conditions of this study, theSs responded for the most part with effective intrapersonal defensive operations that resulted in decreased dysphoria scores, increased positive attitudes toward the experience (as evidenced by questionnaire responses) and positively valued (socially desirable) self-perceptions. The possibility was raised that defensive processes differ with respect to input channel conditions and that such defensive maneuvers may operate less effectively (or are qualitatively different) under the video situation. There was evidence that either audio or video alone tended to increase sensitivity feelings and that both of these conditions may have been perceived of as an artificial situation.Although it is advisable that playback of audio alone (particularly) and video alone be included as controls in certain kinds of externally mediated self-observation work, the greatest impact and meaning to the observer from self-observation may be expected to come from audio-video playback conditions. The interrelationship of audio and video information poses problems of interstimulus and perceived self-dissonance effects. In order to avoid defensive attention to the audio alone or other forms of selective inattention, the playback situation should be manipulated and structured in order to promote the dissonant perceptions presumably needed for cognitive change, affective impact and, possibly, personality reorganization.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The confrontation procedures described here require that the participants—parents, teachers, children, counselors or anyone else who wishes to deal with an interpersonal problem—observe and evaluate overt, concrete aspects of behavior in interpersonal perceptions. These procedures were one of three interventions applied to emotional and behavior problems of elementary school children. The other interventions consisted of brief child psychotherapy and parent counseling. Over a 2-year period, 30 cases were seen in each intervention group. The sample covered a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds.Videotapes, which were an important part of the confrontation, were obtained in a waiting room during the families' initial visit to the clinic. The families and school personnel participated in other procedures as well, but this presentation focuses only on the videotape material.In the confrontation, each family member individually viewed five to six brief sections of the videotape and rated each of the persons interacting in each scene (e.g., Helen's behavior in relation to the father). The rating instrument used was an adjective rating scale with known reliability and validity. Later, the family members were shown profiles of their own ratings and also profiles of ratings of the same material made by trained observers. Similarities and contrasts emphasized by the graphic patterns in the profiles, particularly when seen in conjunction with concurrent replay of videotapes, stimulated evaluation and exploration of the behaviors by the participants themselves. The consultant served as a technical resource whose function was to present the information obtained as clearly, concretely and objectively as possible. He refrained from interpretations, suggestions or advice, leaving all questions about the utilization of the information to those concerned with the child's daily life.Analysis of the relative effectiveness of the three methods of intervention focused on school grades and observers' ratings of behavior in the classroom and on the playground. Preliminary results indicate that the feedback (confrontation) group generally showed more improvement on both of these measures as compared to cases who were seen in either psychotherapy or parent counseling.We have begun to use videotapes and other methods of confrontation in a variety of ways. This includes videotaping of children in the school setting and providing teachers, parents and the children themselves with video feedback.The conceptual background of the approach rests on the assumption

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

If self-image confrontation is a useful therapeutic tool in combating denial, it should be maximally effective in a condition such as anorexia where, in addition to disturbances in body concept, the visible changes in body structure are so clearly evident.The patient in the case study presented here was followed in psychotherapy by one psychiatrist concurrently with self-image experience (SIE) sessions conducted by a different psychiatrist. During the course of 16 months of hospitalization, 54 SIE sessions were held. During each she was first shown sound motion picture films of herself responding and reacting to a brief, standard interview, and then she was asked a standard set of questions about her feelings in regard to the film sequences.Despite two serious setbacks in the 4th and 7th months of her hospitalization, the patient's weight increased, she recognized some of her problems, and her plans for the future became more realistic.In the SIE sessions changes occurred in her attitudes toward her image on the screen and toward the procedure. Initially she continued to deny the evidence in the films about her condition. Later, however, her satisfaction gave way to disinterest and boredom, and then she became hostile to the procedure and rejecting of her image. Nevertheless she did not discontinue the sessions. Eventually she became able to take a more objective view of herself; to see both positive and negative features in the film; and to respond to aspects of her performance other than her physical appearance alone. Toward the end of her hospitalization, she was doubly shocked to see how terribly thin she had been earlier and how indifferent she had been to her condition. Her body image had changed, so that thinness became ugly rather than comforting to her.The changes in self-image which took place slowly against a great deal of resistance appeared to be associated with the continued and repeated self-image confrontations. These changes are discussed in the paper within the framework of a theory of self-consistency.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The advent of videotape has opened new avenues of development in therapy, training and research, some of which are described as they have been evolving at the Mental Research Institute.Discussion includes man-machine system considerations,e.g., the intimate relationships between the equipment setup and the people and purposes connected with its use.The videotope uses discussed here relate to training and therapy applications. Training applications presented are as follows: 1) taping prior to particular courses, 2) tape libraries, 3) splitting audio and visual channels. 4) “on line” feedback, 5) self-presentation exercises and 6) comparative analysis of an individual's on- and off-stage performance in order to gain perspective on what constitutes authenticity.Therapy applications presented are as follow: 1) early uses, 2) overt rather than covert use of the video controls, 3) variations in the duration and timing of videotape recording and replay in relation to such purposes as recapturing previous moods and consolidating the participants' grasp of changes achieved in therapy, 4) some examples of what patients learn by watching post-session replays and 5) some generalizations about what the therapist may learn from patients' reactions to themselves.A subtle, yet significant feature implicit in the videotape application described is that the trainees themselves may be exposed to a wide variety of ways of using videotape. Increasingly trainees are given explicit exposure as part of their courses to current staff thinking about the uses of videotape in training and therapy. Paying some attention to this area and opening it up as a worthy topic for discussion and demonstration will add to an understanding of how to use videotape and will better equip and encourage trainees to use this powerful medium for therapy and training in their own work settings.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A new theoretical framework for encompassing the multiple contemporary concepts of body images and self-concepts is presented, within which each self-experience may be described in terms of position on three independent dimensions: genetic developmental level, degree of consciousness, and experiential quality (conation-emotion-cognition). Develop-mentally successive layers of self-experience form around each other as layers of an onion, with some of these layers referring to body, others to self-images. The concept of regression under the stress of self-confrontation to earlier self-perceptions is introduced as a working hypothesis in this study.Reactions to confrontation with films of themselves are described and discussed for a population of hemophilic patients, children, adolescents, and adults, who participated in a longitudinal study investigating personality and psychodynamic correlates to hemorrhaging in hemophiliacs. Younger children most often were excited and pleased about seeing themselves, and exhibited frank narcissism. They did not separate phenomeno-logically from the film image, but perceived it as an extension of a barrier-less self. They focused attention on the body and on unmodified drive states.Older children were concerned with the way they appeared to others, but the self still was experienced in terms of physical body aspects. Older children and young adolescents often made use of denial to cope with these self-perceptions. Adolescents frequently used conscious self-concepts as a defense agains threatening covert images, and their self-reactions had interpersonal reference.Adult subjects perceived the self-confrontation as a social situation calling for self-criticism, and their self-experiences were more abstract, cognitive, and partly conscious. They struggled to improve control over perceived “give aways” of underlying dangerous self-images.The effect of audio-visual self-confrontations depends on the subject's developmental level and ego defenses, and vary from non-therapeutic disintegration of perceived self- and body barriers, to therapeutic and integrative incorporation of central aspects of self (insight) in patients with sufficient ego capacity.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The methodology and supporting research are presented for the videotaped vicarious desensitization (VVD) method. The VVD technique involves a videotaped hierarchy of fear- or anxiety-provoking situations. Experimental results indicate that it is effective in lowering anxiety in both group and individual settings. Moreover, it appears that clinical suggestions produce better results than the traditional nonsuggestive systematic desensitization. Clinical case studies support the group findings, and an example clarifies the technical aspects of the procedures. It is noted that an audiotaped vicarious desensitization (AVD) method is currently being explored. It is urged that both the VVD and AVD procedures should be extended to diversified stimuli and should receive further clinical and experimental consideration.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Three groups of hospitalized psychiatric women patients were exposed to three experimental situations. The first group saw videotaped recordings of themselves in biweekly scheduled sessions, the second group saw audiovisual recordings of another person and the third group was not shown any recordings.It was predicted that the first group would show greater clinical improvement and increased feelings of self-acceptance and enter into a closer relationship with an interviewer.A battery of evaluation procedures was administered at the beginning and at the end of the series of exposures. The battery included indicators of clinical improvement, measures of self-acceptance and measures of interpersonal relationships.The psychiatrists who conducted the viewing and videotaping sessions observed striking reactions in those patients who saw their own videotaped recordings. These patients seemed: a) to become aware of negative feelings about themselves; b) to experience a decrease in these feelings and become more self-accepting as the sessions progressed; c) to enter a closer relationship with the interviewers; and d) to disclose personal items more readily.The psychological test data did not confirm the clinical impressions. Statistically significant differences were not found among groups along the dimensions measured by the test battery. A comparison of our subjects with a control group of female patients meeting the same criteria, but not involved in this study, revealed no significant differences in clinical outcome or number of days spent in the hospital. Thus our study offers no evidence that these procedures are necessarily either helpful or harmful.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID