摘要:

Manic (N = 20) and schizophrenic (N = 20) patients, equally divided into thought-disordered (TD) and non-thought-disordered (NTD) subgroups were compared to a normal contrast sample (N = 10) on their reality-monitoring ability (i.e., recognition of the source of presentation of information in their memory). It was found that TD manics and TD schizophrenics had different problems in reality monitoring, in that TD schizophrenics had problems in differentiating information that they had said from information that they had thought and TD manics had problems in discriminating information presented by two external sources. In addition to their problems in reality monitoring, TD patients in general had a response bias that, was different from that manifested by normal subjects in both the present and earlier investigations. Normals and NTD patients performed similarly throughout, which indicates that there were no correlations of diagnosis and performance in the absence of thought disorder. The results of the present investigation were related to earlier reports of attentional deficits in manics and controlled information-processing deficits in TD schizophrenics. Finally, a tentative model of schizophrenic speech disorder, incorporating the present data with earlier reports of controlled information deficits, was advanced.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty-five male inpatients with major depressive episodes by DSM-III criteria (296.2, 296.3, 296.5) were examined for correlates of inpatient self-destructive behavior. It was found that 44% of the variance for inpatient self-destructive acts could be accounted for by a combination of history of severe childhood discipline and parental conflict. Losses experienced during childhood were of less importance than these measures of family instability. Such information may be of use in the clinical prediction of self-destructive acts by depressed patients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study of a randomly selected sample of 101 schoolchildren, who had no history of previous psychiatric symptomatology, showed that approximately 12% of the children had suicidal impulses. Verbatim statements of the children about their suicidal tendencies are presented. Case vignettes illustrate the common occurrence of parental depression and suicidal behavior and the child's identification with these depressed parents. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

As part of a pilot study, eight adults with severe mental retardation were screened for the presence of endogenous depression by the standard 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The eight had been rigorously screened to rule out potential for false-positive DST. Two of the eight patients demonstrated nonsuppression, and a third had borderline results. Of these three, two manifested behavioral disturbances that could be attributed to major depressive disorder. The authors discuss the results, the difficulty diagnosing psychiatric disorders in severely retarded persons, and the proposed utility of the DST in this area.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The treatment of psychotic depression remains controversial, although most studies suggest that the combination of an antipsychotic and an antidepressant agent is most beneficial. The authors describe an open-label study of the treatment of psychotic depression using amoxapine, an agent with both antidepressant and antipsychotic properties. Of the, six patients treated, two improved dramatically within the first week of treatment, whereas for the remaining four treatment had to be discontinued due to lack of efficacy or side effects. Amoxapine appears to be effective in some cases of psychotic depression, but side effects and known risks of treatment diminish its usefulness.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recent research conducted by independent investigators concerning the relationship between crime and narcotic (primarily heroin) addiction has revealed a remarkable degree of consistency of findings across studies. The major conclusion supported by the majority of these studies is that narcotic addicts commit a vast amount of crime and that much of this is directly related to the need to purchase drugs. A large proportion of the crimes committed does not consist merely of drug sales or possession, but involves other criminal behaviors including serious crimes. The strongest evidence of a causal relationship between narcotic drug use and crime is derived from longitudinal studies in which the amount of crime committed during periods of active addiction far exceeds that committed during periods of nonaddiction. Much of this crime goes unreported, although addicts, under conditions of strict confidentiality, have provided information that permits realistic estimates of criminal activity. Use of this methodology has permitted the identification of different types of addicts, especially with respect to the amounts and types of crimes in which they are engaged. The implication of these findings is that although addicts as a group commit a great amount of crime, they cannot be regarded as a homogeneous class. Some addicts commit many crimes, regardless of current addiction status, whereas others commit relatively few, and these are obviously related to their need to purchase drugs. There is a discernible impact of treatment on narcotic drug use and criminality. Although the relationships between addict characteristics and treatment response have yet to be fully determined, extensive prior criminal involvement is associated with a negative outcome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Two controlled trials have suggested that clonidine can be used on an outpatient basis to assist in opioid withdrawal, but that rates of successful detoxification do not exceed those obtained with gradual methadone reduction. This study examines the process of clonidine-and methadone-assisted detoxification to provide information about the timing and severity of withdrawal symptoms and side effects associated with each of the two methods. Derived from a double-blind clinical trial with randomized treatment assignment, data are presented which might guide the clinician in the choice of detoxification methods. In this study, subjects in either treatment condition had a success rate of approximately 40% and most subjects experienced at least moderate withdrawal discomfort in the areas of difficulty sleeping, feeling “blah,” and craving. In both treatment groups the best predictor of detoxification failure was a high level of psychological symptoms at the onset of the study. Compared with gradual methadone reduction, clonidine treatment resulted in higher levels of withdrawal symptoms and side effects, earlier onset of withdrawal discomfort, earlier attrition, earlier termination of withdrawal discomfort, and a posttreatment course of drug use that was more consistent with success status during the study treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Anticipations of the effect produced by a given amount of alcohol may be as important as actual responses to that amount of alcohol in determining patterns of alcohol use, yet previous research has focused only on physiological response and subjective reports of sensitivity upon administration of alcohol. In this study, the etiology of individual differences in reports of anticipated sensitivity was examined using a sample of 54 pairs of twins and adoptees for whom both members of each pair had consumed two drinks per hour for 2 hours at some time during the year before the study. Genetic influence was suggested for anticipated sensitivity to physical symptoms and coordination but not for other symptoms such as thinking problems, mood, or driving ability. The environmental influences responsible for individual differences in anticipated sensitivity are largely shared by family members, as indicated by the substantial resemblance for pairs of adoptees reared in the same family. Also explored was the correlation between anticipated sensitivity to alcohol and reported recent drinking behavior. In this sample (N = 204) it was found that an anticipation of less sensitivity related to a higher reported average number of drinks consumed per drinking session, independent of weight, sex, or age differences.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This report examines psychotic symptoms in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors present two cases that show how the manifestations of schizophrenia were influenced by the Holocaust. The cases show how the effects of one generation's trauma are seen in the symptoms and behavior of the next.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The occurrence of major depressive episodes as complications of treatment with propranolol has been a matter of controversy. Three cases are reported of depressions meeting DSM-III criteria following administration of propranolol for medical conditions. Possible relationships between beta blockade and affective illness are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID