摘要:

Two and five-year follow-up observations of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia's Washington cohort provided data bearing on several controversial issues regarding the course of schizophrenia. Forty schizophrenic patients have now been observed 11 years after their index admission. Social, occupational, hospital utilization, and symptom areas of functioning continue to be only modestly correlated with one another and do not become increasingly uniform over time. Initial prognostic variables continue to be more predictive of long-term outcome than are cross-sectional symptom manifestations. Restricted affect at the initial evaluation had been a predictor of 5-year outcome, but it was not a significant predictor of outcome at 11 years. While serious long-term consequences of illness are observed, the follow-up data suggest that the illness tends to reach a plateau of psychopathology early in the course, with as many patients tending to improve in the long-term as those who tend to show further deterioration.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty-seven medication-free, depressed patients (Research Diagnostic Criteria, endogenous subtype) were administered a comprehensive battery testing memory and other cognitive functions before and after a series of bilateral, brief-pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) administered according to a dosage-titration procedure (8.9 \Pm 1.981 treatments). A subset of patients (N= 14) were reexamined at 1 month and 6 months after the conclusion of the treatment. Anterograde (verbal and visuospatial tasks), as well as retrograde (famous and personal events), memory function was significantly impaired at the end of the ECT series. By 1 month follow-up, performance had improved to pre-ECT (depression) levels on both anterograde and retrograde tasks and exceeded these by 6 months. The memory deficits induced by ECT were not a consequence of generalized cognitive impairment. Furthermore, depression and ECT were shown to independently affect memory, and recovery from depression was not a consequence of the amnestic action of the treatment. The results generally confirm previous reports regarding the nature of ECT-induced memory impairment, in a different language and culture. They suggest that long-term effects of the treatment on memory are even less prominent than previously observed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This report examines the relationship between a set of neurobehavioral predictor variables (premorbid cognitive-perceptual abilities, sensorimotor functions, and complex integrative skills) and three dimensions of clinical outcome (social outcome, work functioning, and rehospitalization) 2 years after discharge from inpatient treatment for a group of psychiatric disorders. Results indicated the strongest relationship was between premorbid ability levels and work performance, particularly maintaining stability of employment or work role function. This finding is discussed from the standpoint of neurological processes underlying early acquisition of basic cognitive-perceptual skills in the prediction of outcome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examined neuropsychological prognosis following organic solvent exposure. Twenty-seven persons with evidence of “mild toxic encephalopathy” were evaluated on two separate occasions with a standard neuropsychological test battery and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Ratings by experienced clinicians revealed that 50% of exposed persons had improved neuropsychological performance at the second evaluation. The other 50% were rated as having no change or a decline in neuropsychological tests scores. While the majority of persons in the good-outcome group were working at the time of the follow-up evaluation, none of the persons in the poor-outcome group was actively employed. Persons rated as having shown no improvement were significantly more likely to have had a peak exposure—an episode in which they were briefly exposed to a larger than normal amount of solvent. In addition, persons in the poor outcome group reported higher levels of psychological distress, both initially and at the follow-up evaluation. Results from this study suggest that the presence of certain risk factors, namely a peak exposure and psychological distress, may be particularly detrimental for long-term neuropsychological outcome in persons with a history of organic solvent exposure.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We investigated the constructs of anxiety and attachment in a group of 42 offenders who met the DSM-III-R criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Each antisocial subject's level of psychopathy was assessed with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL). Three Rorschach variables related to attachment, anxiety, and coping were compared between subjects scoring ≥ 30 (N= 21) on the PCL and subjects scoringN– 21). Comparison Rorschach variables are also presented from a sample of 60 antisocial personality-disordered offenders.Moderate psychopaths (PCL score, < 30) produced texture and diffuse shading responses at a significantly greater frequency than severe, or primary, psychopaths (PCL score, ≥ 30). There was no significant difference in the two groups' propensity for producing vista responses. Although there were no significant differences between the coping index scores, the trend suggests less conflictual functioning in the severe psychopaths. A virtual absence of texture responses in the severe psychopaths, and a significantly greater frequency of diffuse shading responses in the moderate psychopaths, add construct validity to the lack of attachment in psychopaths and the role of anxiety in differentiating secondary from primary psychopathy. We view the presence of vista responses in this population as a measure of a failed grandiose self-structure, and note that it often occurs in the records of moderate psychopaths who also present achromatic color responses.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Five hundred six severe and profoundly mentally retarded persons (247 women and 259 men) from Wisconsin and Louisiana were assessed on the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped Scale. A factor analysis yielded six factor scales: tantrums, aggression/conduct, language disorder/verbal aggression, social withdrawal/stereotypy, eating disorders, and sleep disorders. These data demonstrate a nosology of symptoms loading more heavily on vegetative symptoms than what is evident with persons in the mild and moderate ranges of mental retardation and persons who are not mentally retarded. The implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present study investigated the differences between veterans who benefited from intensive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and those who either relapsed or showed no improvement following treatment. Data from 45 combat veterans with PTSD completing at least 6 weeks of treatment in a partial hospitalization program were utilized. Veterans who had improved following treatment and had maintained a positive adjustment 18 months following treatment were found to have had lower rates of alcohol consumption and greater program participation than those who were unimproved or relapsed. These veterans also obtained lower scores on the MMPI-PTSD subscale, the global indices of the SCL-90-R, and seven of nine individual symptom scales of the SCL-90-R. These results were consistent with other recent reports concerning the existence and characteristics of Vietnam veteran symptom overreporters in studies using the MMPI, and suggest possible treatment outcome predictors for these groups.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured in 63 subjects with panic disorder, 21 of whom had major depression. Some evidence was found for low SCL being associated with depression, as has been recorded in depression without panic. The standard deviation of SCL was high and it is suggested that the etiology of depression in panic is different from primary depression, at least for some patients. High SCL was not associated with severity of illness. Recordings made in the usual small, isolated, sound-attenuated environment were compared with those made in a larger room with an investigator present for 10 patients and 10 normal controls. Lower SCLs were found in the larger room.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sixty-one chronically psychotic outpatients were grouped according to the presence or absence of a history of delusional possession. Compared with patients without a history of delusional possession (N= 36), possessed patients (N= 25) had significantly more self-reported childhood sexual abuse, higher dissociation scores, more cannibis abuse, more experiences of thought control, and more voices heard inside their heads. These findings support the hypothesis that in some psychotic patients, possession beliefs may reflect childhood trauma and dissociation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID