摘要:

Asthma is a serious and vexing problem for many children and their families. Asthma, like most syndromes, has many symptoms and potential causes and effects. Studies have shown that pediatric asthma is associated with psychiatric disorders, but the specificity and temporality of these relations is not well known. This study examined the associations between any and specific psychiatric disorders and both childhood asthma and other childhood chronic illnesses. The study used the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders data, a four-site, community-based study of 1,285 pairs of youths and caretakers. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC 2.3). Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders was also used to assess individual characteristics, parental reports of asthma, and other chronic illnesses. Asthma and ‘other’ chronic illnesses were associated with different psychiatric disorders. In particular, having a history of asthma was associated with having an anxiety disorder, after adjustment for potential confounding, but was not associated with having an affective disorder. Having a chronic illness other than asthma or cancer was associated with having any affective disorder and dysthymia but not anxiety disorder. These results call for more mechanistic research that explores the specific relations between childhood anxiety disorder and asthma and between affective disorder and other pediatric chronic illnesses.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Auditory hallucinations have been elicited in the laboratory after repeated pairings of a tone (unconditioned stimulus) with a light (conditioned stimulus), until the presentation of the light alone resulted in subjects hearing the tone. This auditory sensory-conditioning phenomenon was first reported in normal subjects over a half-century ago. But the model remains, to date, untested in actively hallucinating patients. If sensory-conditioning mechanisms actually mediate the occurrence of clinical hallucinations, one would expect that hallucinating patients would more readily acquire and be more resistant to extinguish a conditioned hallucination than nonhallucinating psychotic patients. The present study examined the susceptibility of 15 hallucinating and 15 nonhallucinating acute schizophrenic inpatients to acquire and maintain a sensory-conditioned hallucination response. Consistent with the auditory sensory-conditioning model, evidence suggests that hallucinating patients acquire and maintain sensory-conditioned hallucinations more quickly than their nonhallucinating counterparts. Results are discussed in terms of hallucinators’ susceptibility to sensory conditioning and suggestibility as important factors underlying hallucinatory behavior. The findings are interpreted with respect to the behavioral mechanisms underlying psychotic symptom formation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale (SAS) is a 19-item revision of the Intense Ambivalence Scale, which was designed to identify ambivalence described by Meehl as characteristic of schizotypy and schizophrenia. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the SAS in a sample of 997 college students. The study also provided preliminary evidence regarding the concurrent validity of the measure for identifying schizophreniclike symptoms and other forms of psychopathology in a sample of 131 students. The SAS has good internal consistency reliability (.84) and correlates moderately with other psychometric indices of schizotypy. High SAS scores were associated with schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid symptoms, and with poorer overall functioning (after the removal of variance associated with other schizotypy scales), but were not associated with major depressive disorder or ratings of substance use and abuse.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examined the effect of antidepressants in preventing depression after stroke. Nondepressed poststroke patients (N= 48) were randomly assigned to receive nortriptyline, fluoxetine, or placebo for 3 months by using double-blind methodology and were followed-up for 21 months by using a naturalistic design. During the treatment period, one minor depression developed in the nortriptyline group (n= 13 at 3 months), one minor depression developed in the fluoxetine group (n= 13), and five minor depressions developed in the placebo group (n= 15;p< .05). When treatment was discontinued, nortriptyline-treated patients were more likely to develop depression and had significantly more severe depressive symptoms during the next 6 months compared with patients in the other two groups. Both nortriptyline and fluoxetine appeared to be efficacious in preventing depression after stroke. However, nortriptyline produced an increased vulnerability to depression for more than 6 months after it was discontinued. This finding suggests the need to extend prophylactic treatment and monitor patients carefully after the discontinuation of nortriptyline.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To describe consequences of the presence of a comorbid personality disorder (PD) in inpatients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) on variables connected to course and outcome of the unipolar affective illness, 117 inpatients with a major depressive episode were assessed at various times during inpatient treatment. Trait markers (including personality and PDs) were obtained toward the end of the treatment, when acute psychopathology had largely remitted. Fifty-one percent of all patients fulfilled the criteria for a DSM-III-R PD, 15% met the criteria for two or more PDs, and 18% fulfilled the criteria for at least one cluster A or B PD. Except for age of onset, number of suicide attempts and quality of life all other outcome and course variables were unrelated to the presence or absence of a comorbid PD. In this sample, one comorbid PD in patients with MDD was of limited relevance to the course of the affective illness, especially if it was a cluster C PD. Two or more comorbid PDs in patients with unipolar depression tended to reduce quality of life and have an earlier age of onset. Patients with cluster A or B PD and MDD had attempted suicide more often than patients with a cluster C PD and MDD. Although comorbid cluster C PDs were seen in all age groups of patients with an MDD, cluster A or B PDs and the presence of more than one PD were mainly seen in younger patients with an MDD.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study assessed the frequency of impulse control disorders (ICDs) and their association with bulimia, compulsive buying, and suicide attempts in a population of depressed inpatients. We investigated ICDs using the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview. Patients answered the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale and the Barratt Impulsivity Rating Scale. Among the 31 depressed patients who met criteria for ICD (ICD+ group), we found 18 cases of intermittent explosive disorder, three cases of pathological gambling, four cases of kleptomania, three cases of pyromania, and three cases of trichotillomania. Patients with co-occurring ICDs were significantly younger (mean age = 37.7 versus 42.8 years). Patients with kleptomania had a higher number of previous depressive episodes (5.7 versus 1.3), and patients with pyromania had a higher number of previous depressions (3.3 versus 1.3,p= .01). Bipolar disorders were more frequent in the ICD+ group than in the ICD− group (19% versus 1.3%,p= .002), whereas antisocial personality was not (3% versus 1%,p= ns). Bulimia (42% versus 10.5%,p= .005) and compulsive buying (51% versus 22%,p= .006) were significantly more frequent in the ICD+ group. Patients from the ICD+ group had higher scores of motor impulsivity assessed with the Barratt Impulsivity rating scale (p= .01).

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Mental health professionals have responded to ethnic and racial disparities in mental health care by advocating increasing cultural relevancy in treatment. A central component of cultural relevancy is ethnic and racial pairing of clients and providers. This study examined the effects of client-case manager ethnic and racial matching among white and Hispanic clients who received assertive community treatment in the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports Program. Twelve-month outcomes and service use were examined among 242 Hispanic and 2333 white clients seen in the first 3 years of the program. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the association of client-case manager ethnic and racial matching with changes in health status and service use from baseline to 12 months after program entry. At baseline, Hispanics had more serious problems than whites on several measures of psychiatric and substance abuse domains, and they also showed less improvement than whites over the next year on several measures of psychiatric status and service use. One significant association with ethnic matching was found: when treated by a Hispanic clinician, Hispanic clients showed less improvement in symptoms of psychosis. These results do not support the hypothesis that ethnic and racial matching improves outcomes or service use. Several explanations are offered for the results.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The authors examined the comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD) with other personality disorders (PD) in a series of adult monolingual (Spanish only) Hispanic psychiatric outpatients with substance use disorders. One hundred outpatients (69 men and 31 women) were assessed with the Spanish version of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. PD co-occurrence in the group of patients with BPD (N= 34) was statistically compared with that in the group without BPD (N= 66). Bonferroni-corrected chi-square analysis showed significant diagnostic comorbidity with BPD for antisocial, avoidant, and depressive PD. However, analyses conducted separately by gender showed no significant comorbidity of any PD with BPD in women and significant comorbidity with antisocial, avoidant, and depressive PD in men. These results suggest that in monolingual Hispanic psychiatric outpatients with substance use disorders, gender may play a role in the nature of BPD comorbidity. The BPD diagnosis may represent a broader range of psychopathology in Hispanic men than women.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID