摘要:

A selective review of the literature permitted us to predict that normal families would experience their environment as patterned, logical and masterable (environment-sensitive); that members in families of delinquents would experience themselves in their own universe where others' behavior and opinion was irrelevant (distance-sensitive); that families of schizophrenics would experience the environment as confusing and hostile and would strive toward shared, stylized and distorted notions of it as a means of mutual protection and support. An array of experimental findings, using objective measures from a card-sorting procedure, confirmed most of these predictions. It was suggested that an overall model of consensual experience remained a plausible explanation of family performance but that an individual information processing model was equally plausible. Three distinctive contributions of the present methods and concepts were discussed: their provision of a typology of families based on objective classificatory techniques, the possibility of bypassing notions of the ideal and defective in family life and the study of families' interaction with their communities.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Previous clinical observations have suggested that the tangible demonstration to a depressed patient that he can successfully attain a stated goal may ameliorate his pessimism, low self-esteem and loss of motivation. An experiment was devised to test the proposition that the depressed patient is so sensitive to positive or negative information about himself that a minor success or failure experience on a seemingly irrelevant task would affect his specific self-evaluation, expectancies and performance.In an experiment disguised as part of psychiatric outpatient procedures, 10 depressed patients were assigned to a “success” condition and 10 to a“failure” condition. A control group of 20 nondepressed patients was similarly divided. Feedback regarding apparent performance on a card-sorting task was controlled by the experimenter. As expected, the depressed patients were more pessimistic about the likelihood of their reaching their stated goal and (subsequently) rated the quality of their performance as significantly poorer than did the nondepressed group. Despite these negative expectancies and negative self-evaluations, the actual output of the depressed group was as good as that of the control group. Level of aspiration was the same for depressed and nondepressed groups.Following the initial task, the patients were given a second, more difficult task. The previously “successful” depressed patients showed more optimism, higher level of aspiration and better performance on the second task than did the depressed patients who had “failed.”It is noteworthy that previous success or failure had opposite effects on the performance of the two types of patients on the second task. In the depressed group, the actual output of the patients who had previously succeeded was higher than that of the group who had previously failed. In the nondepressed group, the reverse occurred: previous failure resulted in better performance than did previous success.Among the clinical implications of this study is that concrete, favorable feedback regarding specific performance not only improves the depressed patient's pessimism and level of aspiration but can also increase his productivity.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A 38-year-old patient with the characteristic symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome including motor tics and explosive utterances had been treated with both psychotherapy and haloperidol. Haloperidol gave complete relief of symptoms, but after 5 years the symptoms returned despite increase in the dosage to 20 mg/day. The patient was admitted to a psychiatric ward, withdrawn from all medicines and then treated with chlorpromazine at a level of 900 mg/day; in addition, L-dopa was started and increased to 6 g/day over 7 weeks. The chlorpromazine-L-dopa treatment produced no significant change in symptoms. During the eighth week, these medicines were discontinued and haloperidol was again started. Within 3 weeks of resuming haloperidol, all explosive utterances and tics were absent.This case report suggests that the symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome can become reversibly refractory to haloperidol and that treatment with L-dopa and chlorpromazine is ineffective in this syndrome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper deals with the relationship between self-object differentiation and pathology reduction in schizophrenia. Data from a number of studies are presented in which a variety of symptomatic therapeutic interventions were utilized and the following two findings consistently emerged: 1) it was the initially more differentiated schizophrenics who responded to the interventions with significant reductions in pathology; 2) accompanying this pathology reduction was diminished self-object differentiation. These findings were related to the therapeutic effect of symbiotic experiences on schizophrenics and theoretical implications were suggested.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effects of chronically administered phenothiazine medication upon aspects of skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) in 32 schizophrenic patients were assessed in two ways. Skin conductance scores obtained during rest and during the performance of a series of span of apprehension tasks were correlated with a phenothiazine dosage index (PDI), representing chlorpromazine equivalent daily dosage. For 15 schizophrenics withdrawn from medication for 3 months and for nine normal controls pre- and postwithdrawal rest and performance scores were obtained and compared by repeated measurement analyses of variances. Results, congruent with other studies, indicate that phenothiazines reduce SC level, elevate HR and restrict frequency of specific and nonspecific reactivity in SC and range of variability in HR. Moreover, it was shown that several of these effects are linearly related to daily dosage level. The implications of these findings for past and future uses of autonomically mediated psychophysiological variables in the study of phenothiazine-treated schizophrenic disorders are discussed, as well as the applicability of the PDI in controlling statistically drug dosage-contaminated psychophysiological variance.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID