摘要:

The effect of nutrients on gene expression is an area of considerable interest as the number of genes coding for key regulatory proteins in metabolic pathways is investigated. This paper presents an overview of the role of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, glycolysis, glucose transporters, inflammation, early gene expression, and vascular cell adhesion molecules. Whereas some of the transcriptional effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids appear to be mediated by eicosanoids, the suppression of lipogenic and glycolytic genes is independent of eicosanoid synthesis, and appears to involve a nuclear mechanism directly modified by these fatty acids.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177929

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177930

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Loss of body weight occurs during high mountain expeditions but whether it is due to inadequate diet or other factors is unknown. Moreover the composition of the weight loss is unclear. The aim of our study was to compare the nutritional, anthropometric and metabolic changes during a mountaineering expedition in two groups of climbers, whose dietary energy intake was ad libitum, one given a lacto-fish-ovo-vegetarian diet and one an omnivorous diet. The intake of various nutrients, body weight, body composition and metabolic variables were evaluated before and during high altitude exposure and after the return to low altitude. The two groups were matched for age, body mass index and gender. No significant differences were found for nutritional variables between the two groups. Energy, animal and vegetable protein and fiber intake were significantly lower at climbing quote than before the beginning of the expedition. Significant differences between before the beginning and base camp in all variables were found. Energy and animal protein intake, but not vegetable protein and fiber intake, were significantly lower at climbing quote than at base camp. All subjects significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences but not fat-free mass and fat mass. Metabolic variables significantly improved after the mountaineering expedition. Our study seems to confirm that a mountaineering expedition decreases energy and protein intake, reduces body weight and improves metabolic variables. Because our subjects spontaneously tended to have the same food intake despite the different dietary recommendations, our study failed to observe any differences between the two groups. However, our study shows that a low protein diet, in which the type of protein is mostly vegetable protein, could be adapted for climbers determining only a small decrease of fat-free mass.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177931

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Low-birth-weight infants were fed breast milk (BM, n = 25) or 1 of 2 formulas containing 0.5 (PG, n = 32) or 1.7% fatty acids as α-linolenic acid (ALA)(ALA-PG, n = 31). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and α-tocopherol (αT) of RBC membrane phospholipids were measured at days 2 (D2) and 15 (D15) of enteral feeding, and at term. PUFA concentrations did not differ significantly between the 3 groups from D2 to term. The membrane integrity assessed by the αT/phospholipids ratio neither changed with time nor differed between formula groups. A metabolic relationship between αT and long-chain PUFA in RBC membranes was suggested by multiple regression analysis: αT showed a significant positive correlation with docosahexaenoic acid at D15 and term and with arachidonic acid at D15; the correlation with arachidonic acid tended toward significancy (p = 0.06) at

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177932

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The iron status of 22 children and adolescents with Crohn’s disease (mean age: 13 years) was evaluated. Eleven patients were suffering from active disease with inflammation, identified by at least one abnormal value for serum orosomucoid, C-reactive protein or sedimentation rate (group I). Eleven patients were in clinical remission and showed no biological evidence of inflammation (group II). Hemoglobin and red cell indices, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, serum iron, transferrin, serum ferritin and basic red cell ferritin were determined in all patients. The usual indicators of iron status, particularly serum ferritin, were affected by the inflammatory processes, but basic red cell ferritin appeared to be independant of inflammation. Basic red cell ferritin can therefore be considered to be a reliable indicator of iron status in children and adolescents with Crohn’s dise

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177933

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A cross-over experiment was conducted with 8 adult, nonpregnant sows in order to test whether feeding according to the principle of Hay’s separation diet exerts a timulant effect on thermogenesis. The protein part of the daily ration was offered at the morning feeding, the other ration components in equal amounts at two further feedings. The control group received the daily ration in three equal portions. The levels of all nutrients in the rations matched the maintenance requirement based on the initial weight of the sows and remained unchanged throughout the experiment. In both 3-week metabolism periods a complete balance was undertaken for each animal using the collection technique (feed, feces, urine) and 48-hour measurement of the gas exchange in a respiration chamber. The body weight of the sows fed the separation diet was 178.3 kg and that of the control 178.6 kg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide were reduced by 1.5% with separation. The respiratory quotient remained unchanged. The experimental treatment had no effect on energy digestibility and metabolizability. Heat production of the animals on the separation diet was 20.6 versus 20.1 MJ/day on the control diet. The result was reversed for energy retention, namely 0.6 versus 0.0 MJ/day. The daily energy exchange profile, represented by thermogenesis plotted at 5-min intervals, showed slightly lower values than the control after the protein meal and only random differences between the two treatments for the remainder of the day. It can be concluded from the results that separation of the protein and carbohydrates in the diet within 1 day, rather than stimulating thermogenesis, is more likely to reduce i

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177934

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177935

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Secreting lubricating mucins, colonic crypt goblet cells, contribute to the intestinal protection against mechanical challenge. After feeding germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) AS/Ztm rats for 6 weeks, the proliferative response of colonic goblet cells to a commercial bulky diet (37.1% fiber) was compared to that of a standard diet (4.4% fiber). An increased uptake of the high fiber diet by GF rats significantly augmented the capacity for mucin secretion as indicated by the amount and length of crypts, crypt cells and mature goblet cells. The response of SPF rats was limited to a crypt elongation, generated by more crypt cells. In both study groups, the goblet cell replication activity was similar to their controls. The increase in the mucin-secreting capacity, induced by a constant mechanical challenge, highly suggests an improved intestinal protection.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177936

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177943

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The impact of severe starvation and refeeding on the intestinal mucosa of rats of different ages has been studied in a diet-controlled model. Structural and functional alterations of the small intestinal mucosa were assessed by standard parameters including mucosal protein, DNA content as well as maltase, sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase enzymatic activities. Decreases in mucosal mass, DNA, protein and leucine aminopeptidase activity in both the jejunum and ileum caused by starvation, diminished with age. The depression of disacchari-dase activities increased with age in the jejunum but not in the ileum. Except for jejunal protein and leucine aminopeptidase activity, the recovery from starvation, after refeeding, was complete for the other parameters studied, regardless of age.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177944

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger