ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177981

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To test the suitability of minute-by-minute heart rate (HR) monitoring for estimating 24-hour total energy expenditure (TEE) in elderly women, 13 volunteers, mean (SD) age 73 ± 3 years, participated in this study. Energy expenditure during five standardized activities, ranging from sitting quietly to walking at 3 km/h, was measured by indirect calorimetry (ventilated hood) simultaneously with HR. From these data, individual calibration curves were obtained by linear regression. The mean correlation coefficient was 0.89 ± 0.10 (range 0.69-0.99). A group calibration curve was also calculated (r = 0.93, p < 0.02), based on the mean values of energy expenditure during standardized activities and simultaneous HR of the 13 subjects. For 3 days, minute-by-minute HR was registered continuously. The mean 24-hour HR over these days was 75.7 ± 8.5 beats/min. In addition, activity questionnaires were used to calculate energy expenditure from time/motion data, using individual measured energy expenditure values. TEE calculated from HR using individual calibration curves (8.8 ± 3.5 MJ/day) was only moderately correlated (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) with TEE calculated from the activity questionnaire (8.6 ± 0.9 MJ/day). Calculated TEE using the group calibration curve was 8.1 ± 5.2 MJ/day, which was not significantly correlated with TEE calculated from the activity questionnaire or with TEE using individual calibration curves. The mean values of TEE calculated from the three methods were not statistically significantly different. However, individual values differed markedly sometimes. Individual physical activity levels (TEE/resting metabolic rate), calculated from 24-hour HR monitoring, were unreliably high in some subjects. Mintue-by-minute HR monitoring did not appear to be a valid method for predicting TEE for individuals or small g

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177982

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the fall of 1991 dietary intake of 1,321 primary school children aged 6-12 years was studied in 79 schools in an area called ‘South Campine’ in Flanders – the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Assessment of dietary intake was done using the ‘24-hour estimated food record method’. The energy distribution over the macronutrients showed no significant difference between boys and girls. On average 37.2% (SD 7.88%) of energy came from total fat and 15.4% (SD 3.70%) from saturated fatty acids; 49.0% (SD 7.87%) from total carbohydrates with 21.8% (SD 5.84%) from complex carbohydrates and 27.7% (SD 7.79%) from free sugars. Snacks accounted for on average 19.5% (SD 10.83%) of total energy intake; on average 55.7% (SD 21.22%) of the energy in these snacks was represented by free sugars. Lunch and dinner had very high fat contents (around 40% of energy). Already at this young age, the dietary pattern is deviating strongly from the recommended population nutri

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177983

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To determine the impact of a trace element and vitamin supplementation on infectious morbidity, a double-blind controlled trial was performed on 81 elderly subjects in a geriatric center during a 2-year period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, and received daily: placebo; trace elements /zinc 20 mg; selenium 100 µg); vitamins (vitamin C 120 mg; β-carotene 6 mg; α-tocopherol 15 mg); or a combination of trace elements and vitamins at equal doses. (1) Before supplementation, low serum values in vitamin C, folate, zinc and selenium were observed in more than two thirds of the patients. (2) After 6 months of supplementation, a significant increase in vitamin and trace element serum levels was obtained in the corresponding treatment groups: a plateau was then observed for the whole study. (3) Subjects who received trace elements (zinc and selenium) alone or associated with vitamins had significantly less infectious events during the 2 years of supplementation. These results indicate that supplementation with low doses of vitamins and trace elements is able to rapidly correct corresponding deficiencies in the institutionalized elderly. Moreover, zinc and selenium reduced infectious even

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177984

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Substrate competition is an important mechanism of insulin resistance, although its role in the post-absorptive hyperglycemia of NIDDM is not clear: lipid infusion does not raise plasma glucose levels in normal subjects, and total lipid oxidation, the elevation of which is a hallmark of disrupted carbohydrate metabolism, is normal in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To examine further these two arguments against the involvement of lipid-carbohydrate interactions in the hyperglycemia of NIDDM, we compared the effect of a 3-hour lipid infusion (‘Ivélip’) on post-absorptive blood glucose levels, plasma lipids and respiratory exchanges in 15 patients with NIDDM, with that of an infusion of saline in 15 other patients with similar metabolic profiles. The lipid infusion significantly slowed the natural post-absorptive decline in blood glucose levels (saline -0.47 ± 0.14 and Ivélip -0.10 ± 0.12 mmol·l-1 ·h-1, p < 0.05), with marked interindividual differences. Substrate oxidation rates were unchanged during saline infusion, and were immediately (within 30 min) and reciprocally modified by the lipid infusion (lipid oxidation enhanced: 0.90 ± 0.14 to 1.06 ± 0.13 mg·kg-1 min-1 at time 30 min, p < 0.05; glucose oxidation inhibited: 1.27 ± 0.19 to 0.87 ± 0.18, p < 0.05), but this was not correlated with the alteration in blood glucose levels. In contrast, the increase in plasma lipids was continuous, and positively correlated with the change in blood glucose levels (r = 0.58, p < 0.05 for change of plasma free fatty acids; r = 0.55, p < 0.05 for change of plasma triglycerides, TGs). In line with the Randle mechanism, the lipid infusion affected oxidation rates, but another mechanism, depending on intravascular lipolysis of the infused TGs, was thought to occur in certain individuals whose blood glucose levels rose durin

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177985

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177986

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Rats were fasted for 48 h, but infused with either NaCl or the sodium salt of monoethyl succinic acid (EMS), both delivered at a rate of 80 µmol/g body weight per day. The infusion of EMS, as compared to NaCl, failed to affect paraovarian adipose tissue or liver weight, liver or muscle glycogen, and insulinemia. It accentuated the starvation-induced fall in body weight, and decreased both liver and muscle protein content. Nevertheless, the succinate ester increased plasma D-glucose concentration, delayed the rise in ketonemia, maintained a higher glucokinase/hexokinase activity ratio in liver and pancreatic islets, and allowed for a more efficient stimulation of insulin release by D-glucose or 2-ketoisocaproate in isolated pancreatic islets. These findings indicate that monoethyl succinate displays a significant nutritional value when infused in starved rats

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177987

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Different modes of iron depletion and repletion were studied in monkeys to understand the sequential changes in and the relative importance of different biochemical indicators of iron status. Six control monkeys were divided into two groups, one was fed an iron-deficient diet (group 1) and the other underwent phlebotomy in addition to receiving an iron-deficient diet (group 2). Previously iron-depleted monkeys were subdivided into 4 groups of 3 animals each. While one group was continued on the iron-deficient diet (group 3), the second group received parenteral iron (group 4), the third group (group 5) received a sufficient-iron-containing diet, and the fourth group was fed 50% of the iron requirement. All indicators of iron status like hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP), serum transferrin saturation and serum ferritin were monitored periodically, in addition to liver and bone marrow iron. All the indicators except serum ferritin and liver iron showed a decrease in group 2. On the other hand, animals receiving parenteral iron (group 4) showed an increase in all the parameters except serum ferritin. The dietary supplementation produced an increase in Hb and a decrease in EPP only (groups 5 and 6). There was a significant positive correlation between changes in bone marrow iron and Hb concentration depending on the severity of depletion and repletion. Both serum ferritin and liver iron did not respond to changes in dietary iron. Another parameter which responded to repletion was EPP. Serum ferritin and liver iron did not respond to changes in dietary iron or was not sensitive to subclinical iron deficiency. The results indicate that change in Hb is more sensitive to detect the deficiency of iron. It was also observed that different parameters respond variably under different modes of depletion and repletion.

ISSN:0250-6807    

DOI:10.1159/000177988

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger