ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Glucose-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS) available in the United States do not appear to reduce the severity or duration of diarrhea. The use of cereal-derived ORS and cereal-based feedings appears to diminish the severity of illness in studies conducted in the developing world. To our knowledge, no controlled trials of cereal-derived ORS or cereal-based feedings have been performed in the United States.Methods:We performed a randomized, double-blind trial of two ORS feeding regimens in outpatients with diarrhea. Patients aged 2-13 months with acute watery diarrhea were enrolled. Subjects received standard glucose-based ORS in alternation with soy-based, lactose-free infant formula (Group 1) or rice syrup solid containing ORS in alternation with rice-based, lactose-free infant formula (Group 2). Subjects were visited at home daily to determine the severity of illness and characteristics of the stool.Results:After the first 2 days, significantly more Group 1 subjects continued to have diarrhea than did Group 2 subjects (median duration of diarrhea 3 vs. 2 days) as demonstrated by Kaplan-Meier survival curves (p = 0.04).Conclusion:We conclude that infants fed a regimen consisting of rice syrup solid containing ORS and rice formula resolved their diarrhea sooner than did infants fed a regimen of standard glucose-based ORS with soy formula. The relative contributions of ORS and formula to this more rapid recovery can be elucidated by further studies.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Allergy is a common cause of illness. The effect of feeding different infant formulas on the incidence of atopic disease and food allergy was assessed in a prospective randomized double-blind study of high-risk infants with a family history of atopy.Methods:216 high-risk infants whose mothers had elected not to breast-feed were randomized to receive exclusively a partial whey hydrolysate formula or a conventional cow's milk formula or a soy formula until 6 months of age. Seventy-two high risk infants breast-fed for ≥ 4 months were also studied.Results:Follow-up until 5 years of age showed a significant lowering in the cumulative incidence of atopic disease in the breast-fed (odds ratio 0.422 [0.200-0.891]) and the whey hydrolysate (odds ratio 0.322 [0.159-0.653) groups, compared with the conventional cow's milk group. Soy formula was not effective (odds ratio 0.759 [0.384-1.501]). The occurrence of both eczema and asthma was lowest in the breast-fed and whey hydrolysate groups and was comparable in the cow's milk and soy groups. Similar significant differences were noted in the 18-60 month period prevalence of eczema and asthma. Eczema was less severe in the whey hydrolysate group compared with the other groups. Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges showed a lower prevalence of food allergy in the whey hydrolysate group compared with the other formula groups.Conclusions:Exclusive breast-feeding or feeding with a partial whey hydrolysate formula is associated with lower incidence of atopic disease and food allergy. This is a cost-effective approach to the prevention of allergic disease in children.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:The role of milk polyamines in the development of the gastrointestinal tract of human infants is presently unknown. Polyamine concentrations are higher in human milk than in infant formulas. The aim of the present study was to gather data on luminal polyamines by measuring gastric fluid and fecal polyamine concentrations in premature infants during the postnatal period. We further compared gastric fluid polyamine concentrations with those reported for milk and looked for possible relationships between luminal polyamine concentrations, age, and growth rate.Methods:High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the measurement of polyamine concentrations in both fecal and gastric fluid samples.Results:Ninetieth centiles for gastric polyamines during the first week were 62, 28, 82, and 14 μMfor putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and cadaverine, respectively. These values are higher than those reported for human milk and infant formulas. Polyamine concentrations were unrelated to either age or growth rate. Ninetieth centiles for fecal polyamines during the first week were 7668, 5176, 53, and 75 μMfor cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively.Conclusions:Fasting gastric fluid polyamine concentrations in premature infants are higher than those reported for either human milk or infant formulas. The high fecal cadaverine and putrescine concentrations are probably of bacterial origin.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:In the suckling rat, massive bowel resection provokes intestinal malabsorption that leads to diminished growth. The object of this report was to test whether neurotensin, intestinal trophic peptide, enhances postresection intestinal adaptation, improving absorption and reducing the adverse effects of resection on growth.Methods:Fifty-seven 15-day-old suckling Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 41 rats were subjected to resection of 90% of their small bowel, while the rest (n = 16) under went laparotomy. Half of the animals, resected and laparotomized, were treated with neurotensin for 30 days. The body weight was monitored, and samples of bone and intestinal mucosa were obtained at the end of the study period for analysis. Blood was tested to determine iron, ferritin, folic acid, and vitamin B12levels.Results:The resected animals lost body weight regardless of neurotensin administration. In the resected animals, femur weight increased significantly when they received neurotensin. Bowel resection provokes significant increases in the intestinal mucosa (crypts and villi), but after neurotensin administration, significant increases were detected only in the jejunum of the resected animals but not in the ileum of laparotomized rats. In the resected animals, signficant decreases in iron, ferritin, folic acid, and vitamin B12levels were observed. The postresection administration of neurotensin only produced a significant rise in the ferritin concentration.Conclusions:In the suckling rat, neurotensin enhances the intestinal proliferative phenomenon but does not improve the course of medium-term postresection growth.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Certain strains of lactobacilli may promote recovery from acute diarrhea.Lactobacillus reuteriis of human origin and is a natural colonizer of gastrointestinal tract. In this trial, exogenously administeredL. reuteriwas studied as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea.Methods:Forty patients between 6 and 36 months of age hospitalized with acute diarrhea (75% rotavirus) were studied. After parental consent, the patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups to receive either 1010to 1011colony-forming units ofL. reuterior a matching placebo daily for the length of hospitalization or up to 5 days. The clinical outcome of diarrhea and colonization ofL. reuteriwere evaluated.Results:The mean (SD) duration of watery diarrhea after treatment was 1.7 (1.6) days in theL. reuterigroup and 2.9 (2.3) days in the placebo group (p = 0.07). On the second day of treatment only 26% of patients receivingL. reuterihad watery diarrhea, compared with 81% of those receving placebo (p = 0.0005). Cultures of lactobacilli from stool samples demonstrated that administration ofL. reuteriresulted in colonization of the gastrointestinal tract.Lactobacillus reuteriaccounted for >75% of the total lactobacilli found in children fed with this product.Conclusions:Lactobacillus reuteriis effective as a therapeutic agent in acute rotavirus diarrhea in children. Further studies are warranted to confirm the present finding and to explore the full therapeutic potential ofL. reuteriin acute viral diarrhea.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Several infant formulas are bovine milk-based products. Mature bovine milk has a very low sialoglycoconjugate content compared with human milk from the first phases of lactation.Methods:The present study was undertaken to determine total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents of bovine milk-based formulas.Results:Starter formulas, designed for the first days/weeks after birth, have very similar sialic acid contents (233-266 mg/L fresh milk). We found more oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids (167-174 mg/L fresh milk) than those bound to proteins (53-84 mg/L fresh milk) in these formulas. The ganglioside sialic acid contents of starter formulas (952-1135 μg/L fresh milk) vary slightly from formula to formula. However, all the above-mentioned contents are lower than in human colostrum or transitional milk.Conclusions:Infants fed starter formulas have total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid intakes of 36, 28, 50, and 20%, respectively, of those fed human colostrum or transitional milk. By contrast, follow-on formulas, used from 4 to 5 months of age, provide total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents similar to those furnished by mature human milk. Since the reference standard for optimal nutrition in the early months of infancy is human milk, a supplementation with sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates of infant formulas recomended for the first daysafter delivery could be advisable when breast-feeding is not possible.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:The macrolide antibiotic erythromycin (EM) affects gastrointestinal motor activity by acting as agonist of motilin receptors located on the smooth muscle cells of the gastroduodenal tract. We studied the effect of intravenous EM on fasting antroduodenal motility in controls and children with gastrointestinal dysmotility.Methods:EM lactobionate (rate, 3.0 mg/kg/h) was infused intravenously while antroduodenal manometry was recorded in 10 controls, in 7 patients with functional dyspepsia and in 6 patients with gut pseudo-obstruction. The mean (SD) age (years) was 5.7 (1.4), 6.5 (2.4), and 6.7 (3.2), respectively. Manometry was performed by means of a four- or six-lumen catheter introduced through the nose and perfused with a low compliance pneumohydraulic system. Five controls received EM and five received saline.Results:EM, infused 5 minutes after passage of an activity front (AF), induced in controls a premature antroduodenal AF occurring 15.4 ± 3.2 minutes after starting infusion; no motor changes were seen after saline; duration and propagation velocity of EM-induced AFs did not differ from spontaneous AFs. In patients with functional dyspepsia EM induced various patterns such as premature antroduodenal AFs, antral phase III-like pattern with short duodenal bursts or prolonged phasic antral waves and no duodenal activity. In patients with neurogenic pseudo-obstruction rare or absent antral activity with incoordinated or absent duodenal activity was induced; no contractions were elicited in two patients with myogenic pseudo-obstruction.Conclusions:It is confirmed that EM, given at subtherapeutic doses, is a powerful prokinetic agent that can have clinical applications in patients with gastrointestinal dysmotility; however, the effect of the drug seems to be influenced by the nature of the underlying disorder.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID