ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Transport of intact macromolecules across the intestine probably occurs in all mammalian species. It appears to be greatest early in life. The degree to which it occurs may be related to normalcy of gastric, pancreatic, and small intestinal function.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the effects of differing (a) dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S) and (b) cholesterol intakes on human circulating high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively). The subjects were human infants, between 4 and 6 months of age, presumed normolipemic, and fed either human milk, SMA“ (Wyeth Laboratories), or Enfamil” with iron (Mead Johnson) from birth. These diets had similar amounts of total fat, but different ratios of P/S fat: human milk, 0.4; SMA, 0.3; and Enfamil, 1.6. SMA and Enfamil provided only approximately 20 mg/day of cholesterol compared to approximately 100–200 mg/day previously reported with human milk feeding. The major dietary difference between infants fed SMA and those fed Enfamil was in P/S ratio. With the higher ratio. HDL cholesterol. HDL apoproteins, and the combined low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein (LDL-VLDL) cholesterol concentrations were reduced: HDL cholesterol (32%), LDL VLDL cholesterol (8%), apoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) (19%), and apoprotein All (apoA-II) (14%). Cholesterol concentration was the major difference in composition between human milk and SMA. Infants fed these diets had identical amounts of circulating HDL apoproteins (apoA-I and All) and cholesterol, but the infants fed SMA had 30% lower LDL-VLDL cholesterol than did breast-fed infants. We conclude from this study that large intakes of polyunsaturated fat are associated with reduced HDL concentrations in normolipemic infants.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Changes in total lipid, fatty acids, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and lipid phosphorus in mature milk with time were investigated. Milk samples were collected from 10 mothers at 2, 6, 12, and 16 weeks postpartum. During 1 day, each mother donated two complete breast expressions. Expressions were taken using an electric breast pump 1 h after the previous a.m. and p.m. nursing. For each mother, the a.m. and p.m. samples were pooled for analysis. It was observed that the amount of total lipid increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 3.9g/100 ml at 2 weeks to 5.2 g/100 ml at 16 weeks postpartum. The total fatty acid composition remained uniform during the investigation. Average total cholesterol and free cholesterol in the milk were 10.3 mg/100 ml and 8.3 mg/100 ml, respectively. These concentrations did not change significantly with time postpartum. Average lipid phosphorus was 3.9 mg/100 ml and also remained constant throughout. We conclude that the fatty acid pattern, lipid phosphorus, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol of mature milk to 16 weeks postpartum remains relatively constant while total lipid concentration increases.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Term human milk contains two lipases: Bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL—this lipase also has bile salt stimulated esterolytic activity, BSSE) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). We have measured the activity of these lipases in preterm (25–36 weeks' gestation) and term (37–40 weeks' gestation) human milk collected from the time of parturition until 3 months of lactation. BSSL levels are similar in preterm and term milk and do not vary significantly as a function of length of lactation. In the three groups of women who delivered at 26–30, 31–36, and 37–40 weeks of gestation, BSSL levels were 22.5 ± 6.6, 21.0 ± 3.6. and 32.3 ± 7.6 U/ml in colostrum and 26.3 ± 1 1.4, 31.1 ± 3.4, and 33.3 ± 10.7 U/ml in milk collected at 3 months of lactation, respectively. These observations suggest that preterm milk has the same fat digesting potential as term milk. BSSE activity decreased as a function of length of gestation and lactation, 61.2 ± 8.78, 44.4 ± 4.6, and 44.9 ± 13.3 U/ml in colostrum and 40.8 ± 5.0, 35.6 ± 9.5, and 23.3 ± 3.4 U/ml in milk collected after 3 months of lactation in the three groups studied. In all milks examined, the esterase lost its bile salt dependency upon storage at - 10°C for periods of 2 weeks, suggesting that spontaneous hydrolysis of milk fat and accumulation of free fatty acids can occur in milk stored at - 10°C. LPL activity increased as a function of length of gestation and lactation. LPL activity increased from 12.2 ± 3.3 U/ml in colostrum to 101.6 ± 12.6 U/ml in milk collected at 6 weeks of lactation from the preterm mothers and from 17.0 ± 9.7 U/ml in colostrum to 270 ± 15.5 U/ml in milk collected at 3 weeks of lactation from mothers of term infants. Our data suggest: (a) Milk secreted by women who deliver premature infants (26–36 weeks' gestation) has the same fat digesting potential as milk secreted by mothers of term infants, (b) The esterolytic component of the BSSL develops earlier than the lipolytic activity, (c) “Drip ” milk has higher LPL activity than milk pumped concomitantly from the other breast, suggesting that there is no relationship between mammary cell damage and LPL release, (d) Since BSSL and BSSE activities are 200− to 3,000-fold higher in human milk than LPL activity, and since BSSE loses its bile salt dependency during storage at −10°C, the rise in free fatty acid levels in banked milks could be related to BSSE rather than to LPL.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fifty-eight premature infants weighing less than 1.600 g at birth were fed a special formula. The formula contained nutrients in amounts recommended by the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The feeding studies were carried out at newborn nurseries in Tampa. Florida (study A. n = 25). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (study B, n = 20). and Oaklawn. Illinois (study C. n = 13). Study subjects were comparable in birth weight, gestational age, and in the duration of follow-up in the nurseries. All study subjects grew at rates of weight acquisition equivalent to the comparative fetal counterpart. Routine anthropometric measurements were similar to those of fetal development curves. Mean protein intake ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 g/kg/day and mean caloric intake from 105 to 150 kcal/kg/day. Late metabolic acidosis in association with prematurity was absent in all subjects studied as demonstrated by normal pH values, bicarbonate, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Serum sodium and serum chloride levels were normal. Serum calcium ranged from 8.3 to 10.1 mg/dl and serum phosphorus from 6.0 to 7.5 mg/dl. Total serum protein levels ranged from 4.5 to 5.1 g/dl. Blood urea nitrogen diminished progressively from 5.1 to 2 mg/dl in the course of the study. Serum glucose levels in samples taken prior to and 2 h after feeding did not demonstrate any evidence of reactive hypoglycemia.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Supplemental pancreatic enzymes are required for the treatment of malabsorption associated with cystic fibrosis. It is a general practice for enzymes to be sprinkled on, or administered in, food given to infants or children who require pancreatic enzyme replacement. We tested the effect of in vitro incubation of enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme microspheres with infant foods on total recoverable enzyme activity and on the enteric coating. Incubation of enzyme beads with foods with pH 5 (i.e., chicken pH 6.5, veal pH 6.3, and green beans pH 5.6) was without significant effect on either parameter. There was a statistically significant, albeit minor, reduction in maximum enzyme activity recovered following incubation with applesauce (pH 3.5). In addition, the thickness of the enteric coating was significantly reduced. Whether changes in the enzyme beads results in improved or diminished efficiency of therapy remains to be determined. Lipase, unprotected by enteric coating, was rapidly inactivated in applesauce, emphasizing the need to instruct parents about which foods to avoid when administering pancreatic enzymes without enteric coating.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Previous data from this laboratory have shown good correlation between plasma cationic trypsin(ogen) and levels of pancreatic function in older cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with and without malabsorption. In the present study a radioimmunoassay for human anionic trypsin(ogen) has been employed in the assessment of pancreatic function in older patients with CF. Immunoreactive anionic trypsin(ogen) levels correlated poorly with pancreatic function due to an apparent elevation of this enzyme in many older CF patients with malabsorption (CF + M). When plasma from three older CF + M patients is examined for the molecular size of the apparent immunoreactive material detected, no free anionic trypsinogen is observed. Instead, a broad peak of apparent immunoreactive material appears in the gammaglobulin region. However, only free anionic trypsinogen could be detected in plasma from two CF patients without malabsorption (CF - M), who had not received pancreatic enzyme supplements. It appears possible that a human plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) to porcine pancreatic enzyme in the CF + M patients might interfere in the assay by binding TLCK-anionic trypsin tracer. It is unclear why such an effect does not appear to occur in the cationic trypsin(ogen) assay. The results of the current study suggest that, for assessment of pancreatic insufficiency in CF, the radioimmunoassay for cationic trypsin(ogen) is more useful than the presently available radioimmunoassay for the anionic form.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID