摘要:

Oligosaccharides are an important component of human milk, but little is known about variations in their composition. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal and inter-individual variations in carbohydrate composition of human milk during the first 3 months of lactation. Serial milk samples of 10 mothers (eight full-term and two preterm births) were analyzed to determine the concentration of lactose and three monosaccharide components derived from the non-lactose carbohydrate: sialic acid,N-acetylglucosamine, and fucose. In full-term milk, sialic acid andN-acetylglucosamine were found to decrease significantly (p < 0.05) from weeks 1 to 13 postnatally. On average (mean ± SD), sialic acid decreased by 71% (from 879 ± 157 to 256 ± 82 mg/L; p < 0.05) andN-acetylglucosamine by 56% (from 1,459 ± 282 to 646 ± 214 mg/L; p < 0.05), while fucose decreased by only 35% (from 660 ± 192 to 432 ± 180 mg/L; p > 0.05). On average, lactose concentration increased by 17% over the same period, from 55.4 ± 4.2 g/L in week 1 to 64.9 ± 2.3 g/L at 3 months. Preterm milk contained higher concentrations of each component, but temporal changes were similar to those seen in full-term milk. Apart from temporal changes, there were large inter-individual differences in oligosaccharide composition: fucose varied fourfold, sialic acid threefold, and N-acetylglucosamine twofold among women at the same stage of lactation. The changes observed may simply reflect the aging of the cells responsible for milk secretion, but they are also consistent with a programmed adaptation of the milk composition to the needs of the infant.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Aluminium was measured in samples of plasma and samples of feed obtained from 74 infants with normal renal function established on various feeds (breast, whey-based, fortified whey-based, preterm, soy, and casein hydrolysate). All infants were bolus fed, and blood samples were collected midway between feeds. Aluminium was measured using electrothermal atomization and atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean aluminium concentrations in milks were as follows: breast, 9.2 (xg/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.6–12.7]; whey-based, 165 μLg/L (95% CI, 151–180); fortified, 161 μg/L (95% CI, 143–180); preterm, 300 μg/L (95% CI, 272–328); soy, 534 (μg/L (95% CI, 470–598); casein hydrolysate, 773 μg/L (95% CI, 632–914). Mean plasma aluminium concentrations in infants receiving different milks were as follows: breast, 8.6 μg/L (95% CI, 5.6–10.6); whey-based, 9.2 μg/L (95% CI, 7.4–11.0); fortified, 10.3 μ,g/L (95% CI, 8.3–12.3); preterm, 9.7 μg/L (95% CI, 5.3–17.1); soy, 12.5 μg/L (95% CI, 5.0–20.0); casein hydrolysate, 15.2 μg/L (95% CI, 10.7–19.8). Mean plasma aluminium concentration was significantly different in infants fed casein hydrolysate formulae than in those fed breast milk (difference, 6.7 μg/L; 95% CI, 2.8–10.5; p = 0.028). We conclude that infants may be at risk from aluminium toxicity when consuming formula containing >300 μg/L–in particular, casein hydrolysate formulae. We speculate that the aluminium compounds found in breast milk are more bioavailable than those found in other milks and that some constituents of infant formula affect aluminium absorption from the gut lumen.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effect of oral epidermal growth factor (EGF) on histological and biochemical changes in epithelium in the small intestine was studied in colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs. Forty-eight pigs were infected at 4 days of age with 2 ± 107plaque-forming units of porcine group A rotavirus and orally fed a simulated sow-milk diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/L recombinant human EGF. Sixteen noninfected pigs were fed a diet without EGF supplementation. Infected pigs developed severe diarrhea; they also consumed 25% less food and gained 60% less weight than noninfected pigs. Pigs were killed 8 days postinfection to collect samples at seven equidistant points in the small intestine. Rotavirus infection decreased villus height by 37% and reduced specific activity of lactase by 54%, of leucine aminopeptidase by 43%, and of alkaline phosphatase by 54% in the small intestine, compared with noninfected pigs. Only the supraphysiological dose of EGF (1.0 mg/L) consistently increased villus height in the proximal and mid-small intestine and lactase-specific activity in the mid-small intestine of rotavirus-infected pigs. However, this dose was only partially effective in restoring intestinal mucosal dimensions and enzyme activities. Supplemental EGF did not hasten the resolution of diarrhea. These data indicate that high physiological levels of EGF are beneficial in stimulating recovery of epithelium in the small intestine following rotavirus infection.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To contribute to the description of the physiopathological mechanisms of celiac disease, changes in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were folio wed-up in 21 children suspected of suffering from celiac disease. Thirteen children were suffering from celiac disease according to the original criteria of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Ten celiac children changing from a gluten-containing to a gluten-free diet presented a significant rise in IGF-I (+1.54 mMper month). In a group of eight celiac children challenged with gluten, seven had a significant decrease in IGF-I (-1.11 mMper month), and five celiac children returning to the gluten-free diet after challenge with gluten had a marked but not significant increase in IGF-I (+1.7 mMper month). Eight children not suffering from celiac disease, but challenged with gluten, had a significant increase in IGF-I (+ 0.29 mMper month), corresponding to the expected age-dependent increase. The significant changes in IGF-I described under the diagnostic dietetic phases of celiac disease reflect the extent of growth retardation caused by the disease. IGF-I may be a supplementary aid in the diagnosis of celiac disease in describing individual changes under the dietetic phases.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The growth pattern of 28 girls and 32 boys with celiac disease was analyzed up to the ages of 10 and 12 years, respectively. Fifty-four patients (90%) were diagnosed before 4 years of age and six patients (10%) between 5 and 9 years of age. At diagnosis, 18 of 60 patients (30%) had a height SD score below - 2.0, and 45 of 59 patients (76%) had a weight-for-height below the median. The mean height SD score showed increasing growth retardation in the year before diagnosis, relatively quick catch-up growth in the year after diagnosis, and complete catch-up in 2–3 years. Mean weight-for-height showed a progressive decrease 12–18 months before diagnosis, increased to a maximum at the end of the first year of therapy, and returned to normal 15 months after dietary treatment. Independent of age at diagnosis, initial degree of wasting, diagnostic delay, and strictness of gluten-free diet, catch-up growth was complete in this group of patients who were diagnosed before 9 years of age.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A new, simplified micromethod for semiquantitative determination of the antigliadin antibody (AGA) has been proposed. When the new stick method was used in a population of infants hospitalized for gastrointestinal problems, the results were virtually identical to those of the traditional method

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using the noninvasive technique of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), gastric emptying was studied in 12 children, aged 9 months to 17 years, who had undergone gastric transposition (six with pyloroplasty) for oesophageal replacement (seven oesophageal atresia, five severe caustic or peptic damage). In two patients, gastric antral electrical control activity was also studied using surface electrogastrography. Nine patients had problems on oral feeds (respiratory symptoms, feeding difficulties, vomiting, abdominal pain, symptoms suggesting dumping), whilst three were asymptomatic. All 12 patients were tested with a milk meal; in addition four (two with and two without dumping symptoms) were tested with a hypertonic glucose drink; gastric emptying of the milk meal was expressed as the percentage of the meal remaining in the stomach at 60 min (R60). Mean (±2 SD) R60 was 54.6% (±17.4%) in 12 healthy controls and 59.8% (±83.2%) in the 12 patients. Gastric emptying was normal in one patient (R60, 42.6%), delayed in seven (mean R60, 91.2%; range, 74.4–100%), and accelerated in four (R60, 0%). The emptying rate was unrelated to the presence or absence of pyloroplasty. Furthermore, the emptying pattern was extremely irregular, suggesting that gastroesophageal as well as duodenogastric reflux episodes occurred in all patients. The hypertonic glucose drink induced dumping (50% of the meal emptied at 1–3 min) in all four patients, two of whom had delayed emptying of the milk meal, but the gastric antral electrical control activity occurred at the normal frequency of 0.05 Hz. The transposed stomach does not behave as a simple conduit; in most cases it retains its reservoir function. Irrespective of the patient's symptoms, the transposed stomach empties in an abnormal fashion, and the composition of the meal may considerably affect the emptying pattern.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Viscosity-enhancing agents such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can alter absorption of solutes and fluid exchange in the small intestine. We investigated whether the standard World Health Organization oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS) with the addition of CMC would improve net water and sodium absorption in rats using an in vivo intestinal perfusion technique. Four WHO-ORS, containing either 0, 2.5,5.0, or 10.0 g/L of CMC, were perfused in rats with a well-tested model of cathartic-induced chronic osmotic diarrhea (D) and in normal controls (C). In D rats, the ORSs with CMC improved sodium absorption at the three concentrations used (p < 0.01). The same effect was shown in C rats. Net water absorption was also enhanced in D rats given ORSs with CMC, although the changes in C animals were less marked. The improvement in sodium and water absorption in both C and D rats positively correlated with the log of relative ORS viscosity. Ultrastructural examination of tissues perfused with 10 g/L of CMC showed an extended brush border glycocalyx. This study indicates that CMC added to WHO-ORS in the perfused rat jejunum improves the effectiveness of the solution by increasing sodium and water absorption.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To investigate the prevalence ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in pediatric patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, we sought to detect the presence of antibodies against this organism in 23 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children of central African ethnic origin by means of a second-generation enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies toHelicobacter pylori(Malakit Helicobacter pylori, Biolab, Limal, Belgium). They were compared to an asymptomatic control population matched for age and ethnic origin. Blood samples were taken during routine blood analysis before the monthly administration of intravenous γ-globulins in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and during preoperative blood analysis in the control population. Despite the fact that most human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients had IgG antibodies against other frequently encountered pathogens, none of them had a positive serology forHelicobacter pylori,compared to 10 of 52 patients (19.2%) in the control population. This difference is statistically significant (p= 0.01)

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Plasma carnitine concentrations were measured in 43 children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and values were compared with those from normal controls. Clinically significant abnormalities of plasma carnitine concentration were not found in CF patients. The concentration of free carnitine was slightly but significantly elevated in CF patients, and the acylcarnitine concentration and acylcarnitine/free-carnitine ratio were slightly but significantly lower. Total carnitine concentrations were similar to those of controls. The CF patients did not have abnormal urinary acylcarnitines. Altered concentrations of free and esterified carnitine were not associated with nutritional status or with liver or pulmonary function.

ISSN:0277-2116    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID