摘要:

AbstractThe moisture vapour pressure of a foodstuff, regarded in relation to that of the surrounding atmosphere decides whether loss or gain of moisture can occur and, to a considerable extent, whether the foodstuff can form an acceptable medium for micro‐organisms. It follows that this property has great importance with regard to storage life. The moisture vapour pressure of confectionery has been studied firstly by measuring the vapour pressure/moisture‐content relations of the principal ingredients, namely sucrose, confectioners' glucose and invert sugar, and of some minor ingredients. The resulting information can be combined in the form of a number of formulæ by means of which the moisture vapour pressure of most kinds of confectionery may be calculated from the composition. The figures so obtained agree well with direct measurements made on the individual samples. A wide variation in vapour pressure is observed between different classes of confectionery, these differences resulting in widely different keeping properties and requirements for satisfactory sto

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660701

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA sample of nuts of the lumbang (candlenut) tree from North Queensland contained kernels yielding 62% of a very pale‐coloured oil, iodine value 164·3, and with extremely low free fatty acid content (0·3% as oleic acid). The component acids of the oil are palmitic 5·5, stearic 6·7, arachidic 0·3, oleic 10·5, linoleic 48·5, and linolcnic 28·5% (wt.). The component glycerides include about 32% which contain three linoleic or linolenic radicals, and about 53% with two of these groups, the third acyl group being oleic or saturated; one, and to a small extent, two, linolenic groups are probably present in all these mixed glycerides, totalling 85% of the fat. Attempts to prepare a highly‐unsaturated concentrate from the oil by crystallisation from solvents at low temperatures were not very promising, although 66% of the oil was so obtained from acetone at — 35°, with an iodine value of 179. The component acids and constituent glycerides of this fraction differed, however, very widely from those of linseed oil. Although differing in composition from linseed oil, lumbang oil of the high quality represented by the specimens studied should have considerable uses as

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660702

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBen (Behen) oil, seed fat ofMoringa oleifera, was obtained in 30% yield from the kernels of Trinidad seed, and had iodine value 67·1 and free fatty acidity (as oleic) 6·5%. Its component acids were palmitic 5·5, stearic 7·8, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric (together) 9·2, hexadecenoic 0·9, and linoleic 0·8% (wt.). Its composition suggests that, if available in suitable quantity and quality, it would be equal to olive oil for edible purposes. Mango seed fat was obtained in 6% yield from Jamaican kernels; it is a solid fat (iodine value 49·1), with component acids palmitic 4·4, stearic 42·5, arachidic 3·0, oleic 44·7 and linolcic 5·4% (wt.). The composition of the West Indian mango fat differed from that recently recorded for a specimen from India, its unsaturation being distinctly higher owing to the presence of linoleic glycerides apparently absent from the Indian fat. The high stearic content of mango fat is unusual for a seed fat from its botanical family. Mango fruit contains only small traces of fat (iodi

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660703

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe principles of low frequency induction heating are briefly described and experiments on three small vessels arc recorded. Attention is drawn to the differences in behaviour of mild steel and cast iron. The data obtained are correlated with information given in the literature to assist in the design of other heaters. An example is given of a typical application.

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660704

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the course of preparing 2 :4 dichlorphenol as an intermediate on a semi‐technical scale by the chlorination of molten phenol (100%), the possibility of large scale production was considered, with its attendant difficulties of keeping large stocks of the raw material warm enough to remain molten, and the transfer lines and valves sufficiently hot to prevent blockage

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660705

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAd‐mesomixture of 2 : 3‐butylene glycol isomers is produced as the main non‐volatile product of theAcrobacter acrogenesfermentations of Blackstrap molasses mashes. In media containing 10% of fermentable carbohydrate with addition of inorganic salts and a neutralising agent fermentation is complete in about 30 hours with 36—39% weight yield of the glycol. Optimal fermentation is obtained with acclimatised strains of the organism at 35° andpH 5·6—6·0, with aeration. Appreciable quantities of ethanol, lactic acid and, if aeration be excessive, of acetoin are also formed. The glycol may be recovered from the fermented liquors in a pure state by an alcohol‐lime extraction process or by vapour‐phase (steam) extraction, with recovery yie

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660706

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is shown that a wide range of cations can enter into exchange reactions with cellulose and that, when the reaction with given cations is complete, equal numbers of atoms are attached to the cellulose irrespective of valency. Probable mechanisms are discussed. The electrical resistivity of cellulose in the form of insulating paper has also been studied when the material is modified in various ways by cationic exchange. It is shown that the best values of resistivity arc obtained when the cations attached to the cellulose are bivalent and the worst when the exchange is by univalent ions. Of the univalent ions investigated, hydrogen causes the lowest resistivity. The implications of this arc discussed and means of improving insulation resistance are proposed. The effects of cationic exchange on resistivity may readily be masked in commercial insulating papers by electrolytes deposited in the fibres. These must be removed by adequate washing if the full advantage of beneficial cationic exchange is to be achieved.

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660707

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA detailed description is given of a spectrographic procedure for the analysis of “Ticonal” alloy, a complex ferrous material. To permit the accurate determination of the high‐percentage constituents, “a concentration ratio” method is used which allows for variations in the content of iron, the base metal. A modification of the calculating board is suggested to simplify the clerical work involved. The precision of the spectrographic method is shown to compare favourably with that obtainable by routine chemical methods. The paper concludes with suggested requirements for the accurate spectrographic analysis of any complex material containing high‐percentage c

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660708

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study of the chemical characteristics and vitaminAcontents of liver oils of important sharks, skates and rays of South Indian waters has been made. No relationship is found to exist between vitaminApotency and the chemical properties or conditions of fish. The individual and industrial significance of each fish is discussed.

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660709

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn account is given of an investigation of the composition of sludges from petroleum oils used for recovering benzole at coke‐oven and gas works. This investigation was carried out by the National Benzole Association for the Benzole Technical Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power and forms part of the programme of work carried out during the war by that committee on the sludging of petroleum oils, with a view to reducing the consequent loss of crude benzoic. A more complete knowledge of the nature of the solid material contained in the sludges, it was hoped, would give some clue as to its source, and the causes of its formation. For full details of the investigation on sludging, the Report of the Benzole Technical Committee should be consulted.* The material, called deposit, obtained from the sludges after removal of oil and water was extracted selectively with organic solvents. A detailed examination of the deposits and their extracts showed that they were extremely complex in character and that no separation into material of substantially simpler character had been effected. Ultimate analyses showed that all the deposits contained carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and usually iron. Oxygen %vas usually high in amount (5·5% to 36·7%), depending apparently on the extent to which the sludges had been subjected to heat in the plant, and suggesting that the deposits are oxidation and condensation products, rather than polymers of unsaturated compounds. No evidence was obtained that the deposits or extracts contained nitrogenous gum or its heat‐degradation pro

ISSN:0368-4075    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.5000660710

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY