摘要:

AbstractDoe, D. A. (Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA.)The proboscis hooks in Karkinorhynchidae and Gnathorhynchidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) as basement membrane or intracellular specializations.Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 105–115, 1976.—The fine structure analysis of the proboscis hooks in the genusCheliplanaBeauchamp revealed that these structures are specializations within the basement lamina enclosing the proboscis. The fine structure analysis of the proboscis hooks in the genusGnatho‐rhynchusMeixner revealed that these structures are intracellular specializations within a fold of epithelium located at the junction of the proboscis sheath and proboscis cone. The electron dense hook material is deposited primarily in microvilli along the outer cell surface of the cone epithelium. The fine structural analysis of the unarmed proboscis in the genusProschizorhynchusMeixner agrees with the description for the armed schizorhynchs and these findings support the view that the Schizorhynchia is a monophyletic group. The fine structural analysis of the unarmed proboscis inFlorianella bipolarisRieger&Sterrer agrees with the description forGnathorhynchus.A comparison of the proboscis and hooks in the two kalyptorhynch suborders suggests a more distant relationship between them. A discussion of the methods for the anchorage of intracellular, intercellular and extracellular hard structures is also i

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCantell, C.‐E. (Zoological Institute, University of Uppsala, S‐751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.)Complementary description of the morphology ofLineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) with some remarks on the cutis layer in heteronemertines.Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 117–120, 1976.—The morphology ofLineus longissimusfrom the Plymouth and Bergen areas has been described and compared with an earlier report by Friedrich in 1935 onHeterolineus longissimusfrom the Baltic. There are some important differences between the specimens from Plymouth and Bergen and those from the Baltic, namely the occurrence of crossovers in the proboscis and a layer of connective tissue in the interior part of the cutis. The literature on heteronemertines shows that a cutis, consisting of a gland layer and inside this a connective tissue layer, occurs not only in the generaBaseodiscusandLineusbut also in the genusCer

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractErséus, C. (Department of Zoology, University of Göteborg, S‐400 33 Göteborg, Sweden) and Lasserre, P.Taxonomic status and geographic variation of the marine enchytracid genusGraniaSouthern (Oligochaeta). Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 121–132, 1976.—New material from Europe, Bermuda and the eastern coast of North America allow more realistic determination of the generic characteristics of the marine enchytraeid genusGrania. This re‐evaluation ofGranianecessitates the consideration ofHemigraniaas a junior synonym, because of the now established absence of peptonephridia inGrania. Full enumeration of known localities shows the genusGraniato have a broad, disjunct distribution, low species number, and morphological conservatism. G. postclitellochaeta (Knöllner) andG. macrochaeta(Pierantoni) are considered as polytypic species, containing respectively two (includingG. postclitellochaeta longiductasubsp.n.) and three (includingG. macrochaeta bermudensissubsp.n.) subspecies.G. maricolaSouthern,G. roscoffensisLasserre,G. vario‐chaeiasp.n. and G. monospermatheca sp.n. are considered as mo

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEmig, C. C. (Station Marine d'Endoume, F‐13007 Marseille, France.)Le lophophore — structure significative des Lophophorates (Brachiopodes, Bryozoaires, Phoronidiens).Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 133–137, 1976. — The term lophophore is defined and must be applied only in Lophophorata (i.e. Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida); it differs considerably from other tentacle‐bearing structures, as found in annelids, pogono‐phores, and entoprocts. Although bilaterally symmetrical, the shape of the lophophore varies greatly. It appears to function similarly in all types. The lophophoral functions are briefly described (food collecting, respiratory, defensive, brooding, etc). The resemblance of the lophophore to similar structures in Archimerata is obvious. The affinity with the ancestral form of the Archimerata is discussed.ResuméLe terme lophophore est défini; il ne peut ētre appliqué qu'aux Lophophorates (Brachiopodes, Bryozoaires, Phoronidiens), car il se distingue de toutes les autres structures tentaculées (telles celles des Annélides, Pogonophores, Entoproctes). La forme du lophophore, à symétrie bilatérale, présente de nombreuses configurations dont toutes ont des fonctions similaires. Ces différentes fonctions sont brièvement décrites. Le lophophore a indéniablement une signification phylogénétique, notamment a

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBrundin, L. (Section of Entomology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐10405 Stockholm, Sweden.)A Neocomian chironomid and Podonominae‐Aphroteniinae (Diptera) in the light of phylogenetics and biogeography. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 139–160, 1976.—Called upon by a criticism by Schlee in 1975 the present paper delivers a renewed investigation of the monophyly of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and their position in the Chironomidae hierarchy. The validity of the conclusions reached by Brundin in 1966 is confirmed. Additional evidence is given by new cases of synapomorphy and unique parallelism. The concepts inside‐and outside‐parallelism are introduced. It is shown that Schlee, being unaware of the implications of geographical vicariance and different cases of true parallelism, and of the consequences of unequal cleavage and unequal deviation, differs from the methodological approach of Hennig and Brundin. —Libanochlites neocomicusgen.n., sp.n. from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon is described and its phylogenetic position and biogeographical significance discussed and integrated with reviews of the Jurassic‐Cretaceous history of Podonominae

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDahl, E. (Zoological Institute, University of Lund, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden.)Structural plans as functional models exemplified by the Crustacea Malacostraca. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 163–166, 1976.—The structural plans of higher taxa also represent integrated functional model systems which may be of value in dealing with evolutionary and phylogenetic problems. The model concept is tested on the Crustacea Malacostraca. Their origin and interrelationships are discussed, and a new alternative for their derivation is presented for criticism and comparison with previous hyp

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFjellberg, A. (Zoological Museum, N‐5014 Bergen, Norway.)Problems and methods in current research on Collembola syslematics. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 167–169, 1976.—The morphological variability of the individual caused by ecomorphosis, cyclomorphosis and epitoky is discussed. Information from studies on life cycles, habitat selection and behaviour is found to be useful in the systematic work. A few examples of phylogenetic studies on Collembola ar

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFryer, G. (Windermere Laboratory, Ambleside, Westmorland LA22 OLP, U.K.)Adaptation, speciation and time. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 171–172, 1976.—While evolution is usually a gradual process, large morphological changes cannot be excluded as possible agents as is shown by specific examples. Speciation and adaptation are usually synchronous processes but there are cases where speciation may have preceded adaptive changes. Widely divergent rates of evolutionary change are evident in different groups and adults and larvae may evolve at different rates. Adaptive radiation of larvae of basically similar adults can be considerable, as shown by mutelid bivalves. A case where new information on larval forms has had profound taxonomic and zoogeographical implications is mentioned. Brundin's view that the scope given to chance is probably less than generally believed is supp

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLakovaara, S. (Department of Genetics, University of Oulu, SF‐90100 Oulu 10, Finland), Saura, A., Lankinen, P., Pohjola, Liisa and Lokki, J.The use of isoenzymes in tracing evolution and in classifying Drosophilidae.Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 173–179, 1976.—Studies on the genetic constitution of natural populations of organisms have shown that these populations are extensively polymorphic at gene loci coding for enzymes. Much of this polymorphism detected by electrophoresing enzyme proteins is, however, not useful in classifying organisms, even though in general species differ from each other more than populations within a species. Good diagnostic characters are monomorphic species‐specific genes and their products. Finding these characters requires a thorough study of many populations of the species being studied. Once these characters have been found they can be used in assigning single individuals into different taxa. Electrophoresis of enzymes and allozyme differences between species can also be used in tracing the evolution of organisms. On the basis of allozymes a new phylogeny is proposed for theDrosophila obscuraspecies group. Traditionally this group has been divided into two subgroups, obscura and affinis. Genetic characters divide this species group into three evolutionary lineages. The first lineage comprises the Eurasian obscura subgroup, the second the Americanaffinissubgroup and the third the American obscura subgroup.D. alpina and D, helvetica, which belong to theobscuraandaffinissubgroups, respectively, are not appreciably related to any othe

ISSN:0300-3256    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY