摘要:

The present observations confirm the value of suspending red blood cells in a low‐ionic‐strength medium in the first stage of the indirect antiglobulin test; that is, during the period of incubation with antibody‐containing serum. The main advantage of this procedure is to shorten the time of incubation. In this respect a low‐ionic‐strength medium appears to be superior to albumin as a suspending medium for the red blood cells. A further advantage is to increase the uptake of certain antibodies; this effect was pronounced with selected Rh antibodies believed to be of low

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247048.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human red blood cells, sensitized with complementin vivoand by a variety of methodsin vitro, (e.g.blood group antibody, low ionic strength, alternate pathway), were tested with a battery of anti‐complement sera (anti‐C3, ‐C3c, ‐C3d, ‐C4, ‐C4c). Red blood cells could be prepared by relatively simple methods to yield cells sensitized with C3 and C4, C3 but not C4, C4 but no C3, C3d with no C3c and C4d with no C4c. These cells are suitable for standardization and quality assurance of antiglobulin sera (AGS). Anti‐C3d is necessary for optimal detection of sensitization of red blood cells by complementin vivoby the direct anti‐globulin test (DAT). Anti‐C3d may also be optimal for the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) especially if incubation periods greater than one hour are employed.Potent anti‐C4 and anti‐C3 antisera made in the authors' laboratory resulted in numerous weakly positive antiglobulin tests when testing red blood cells from refrigerated clots (especially anti‐C4) but red blood cells from refrigerated anticoagulated segments gave negative results. When red blood cells were incubated in normal serum at room temperature (as in the room temperature phase of a compatibility test), some positive results were again obtained with the potent anti‐C4 and anti‐C3 antisera. However, one commercial antiglobulin serum containing anti‐complement antibodies that were at least as potent as any other commercial antiglobulin serum gave uniformly negative results under the above conditions. Anti‐C4 antibodies may be omitted from antiglobulin sera without decreasing the efficacy of such antisera to be used in compatibility testing. Thus, positive results in the compatibility test due to detection of clinically insignificant cold antibodies in the IAT by the anti‐complement antibodies in AGS, may be avoided if anti‐C4 is omitted or is in low concentration and if the concentration of anti‐C3d is carefully standardized. A higher concentration of anti‐C3d could be used for compatibility tests if red blood cells from anticoagulated segments were used instead of those from clots and if a separate tube were used for the IAT at 37 C rather than using one tube for bot

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247049.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rhesus monkey platelets that are separated,51Cr labeled, and transfused provide yields, 1/2; time and survivals similar to those obtained in man. Rhesus platelets prepared and stored at room temperature for three days have 93 per cent of the yield of fresh platelets. When prepared and stored at 4C, the yield is only 54 per cent of fresh platelets. Rhesus repeatedly transfused with platelets from random unmatched donors always have a significant decrease in the platelet 1/2; time and survival. This was observed after the second homologous transfusion in one and after the third in others. The rhesus provides an excellent platelet model with thrombocyte responses mimicking those of man.

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247050.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Use of ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelet units obtained from single donors by pheresis, using the Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator, has a lowered hepatitis risk, and possibly delays the onset of the refractory state. Pheresis also offers a method of obtaining HLA matched platelets for the already refractory patient. A mean of 4.2 × 1011platelets are collected in about 1 1/2; hours. ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelets produced corrected increments of more than 2500/mm3per 7 × 1010platelets infused in 67 per cent of transfusions to nonselected recipients. The procedure is simple, safe, and requires little time. It is a worthwhile large‐scale program for a regional blood center to undertake in order to provide optimal therapy for thrombocytopenic patie

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247051.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multiple units of platelet concentrate obtained by intensive plateletpheresis of patients with leukemia in remission were pooled and frozen using 4 to 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide and retransfused during periods of thrombocytopenia. Plateletpheresis was well tolerated by all donors and an average platelet yield per unit of 0.99 × 1011(n = 155) was obtained. The results of 107 transfusions to 36 patients are presented. An average of 32.4 per cent of the platelets were lost during the freeze‐thaw process. Freezing loss was lowest at a freezing rate of one degree C per minute, at a lower final concentration of platelets, and when polyolefin bags were used. The mean corrected posttransfusion count increment was 6,400/μl (range 600–19,000 xm2/1011platelets transfused).In vivoresults did not correlate with freezing rate but were statistically significantly better at lower platelet (approximately 0.16 × 1011platelets/10 ml) concentrations. Eleven patients, including some who were refractory to random donor platelets were supported entirely with autologous platelets during reinduction therapy for leukemia. When administered prophylactically the autologous platelets seemed to prevent hemorrhage during periods of thrombocytopenia although in most patients bleeding times were not corrected posttransfusion. This study demonstrates that frozen autologous platelets can be used in the supportive care of thrombocytopenic patients. Further technical improvements are necessary before platelet freezing becomes practical for widespre

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247052.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Platelet concentrates were shown to contain 18 to 38 mg/dl of a phthalate plasticizer (DEHP) which arose by migration from the vinyl plastic packs in which the platelets were prepared and stored. Transfusion of these platelets into six adult patients with leukemia resulted in peak blood plasma levels of DEHP ranging from 0.34 to 0.83 mg/dl (approximately 0.02 mg/dl plasma per mg DEHP administered per square meter of surface area). The blood levels fell monoexponentially with a mean rate of 2.83 per cent per minute and a half‐life of 28.0 minutes. Urine was assayed by a method that would measure unchanged DEHP as well as all phthalic acid‐containing metabolites. In two patients, at most 60 and 90 per cent of the infused dose, respectively, was excreted in the urine collected for 24 hours posttransfusion. These estimates, however, could be high due to the simultaneous excretion of DEHP remaining from previous transfusions or arising from uncontrolled environmental exposu

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247053.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because of the often observed undesired effects in patients transfused with leukocytes collected by continuous filtration leukapheresis (CFL), we have investigated the morphology of these cells in the hope that such studies may help evaluate theirin vivofunctions. Aliquots of CFL samples, procured by the Fenwal Leukopak and taken before and after tapping the filters, were examined. Leukocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation served as controls and were used to demonstrate the vulnerability of these cells to mechanical injury. The morphology of leukocytes harvested by filtration leukapheresis was markedly altered, ranging from formation of cytoplasmic projections and vacuoles to disintegration of entire cells. The severe changes were only observed in samples collected after the filters were tapped. The number of cells involved varied from donor to donor. In some cases more than half of the examined leukocytes showed signs of damage. Dextran sedimentation leukocytes retained their normal ultra‐structure. However, substantial injuries were inflicted on dextran sedimentation collected leukocytes following brief periods of vortexing. Our results indicate that leukocytes are quite vulnerable to mechanical injury, and the major cause of damage found in Leukopak‐isolated leukocytes is the tapping of the filters. The toxic reactions in some recipients transfused with Leukopak‐collected leukocyte preparations may result from materials released from disrupted leukocytes. We believe that the employment of the continuous filtration to procure leukocytes with the present procedure should be rev

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247054.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four large‐scale batches of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF, factor VIII) were prepared from plasma derived from 4 to 6‐day‐old blood applying a method developed for preparation of AHF from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF product was 6 to 9‐fold concentrated over plasma with 7 to 10‐fold purification and a recovery of 100 to 140 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma. In terms of purity and yield, this is about half that of AHF obtained from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF concentrate was free of detectable thrombin and plasmin and the solubility of the dry product was comparable to that of the product derived from fresh plasma but the hemoglobin content was slightly increased. After further fractionation with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000), a highly soluble AHF product 100‐fold purified, and 30‐fold concentrated, was obtained with 60% factor VIII recovery, which corresponds to a final yield of 60 to 85 factor VIII units per liter of st

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247055.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Anti‐Rd (Radin) was first described in association with five cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn. The authors report an anti‐Rd that was demonstrated following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood. The antibody appears to be of the IgC immunoglobulin class and increased in titer following the transfus

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247056.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies concerning the relationship between glucose level, hematocrit to which cells were packed (within three hours of initial collection) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were undertaken in CPD supplemented with adenine (0.25 mM final concentration). It was found that apparently adequate ATP levels could be maintained in 90 per cent hematocrit packed units at 42 days only if glucose was present in amounts 1.5 times or greater than that provided by CPD. Less tight packing of the units to 70 and 80 per cent hematocrit maintained ATP at greater than 50 per cent of the initial level for a full 42 days of storage when 1.25 times the usual glucose concentration was present in the initial anticoagulant. No difference in 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate or pH was found in any of the modified media under stud

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16476247057.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY