摘要:

Because large numbers of volunteer blood donors may be disqualified for “false‐positive” results on tests for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), a more specific definition of anti‐HBc enzyme immunoassay (EIA)‐reactive was evaluated, including only those donor samples that were “strongly” reactive (sample‐to‐cutoff absorbance ratio,or = 0.45) had an anamnestic response to vaccine, compared to 8 (53%) of 15 with historically “strong” anti‐HBc (reactive absorbance ratio,<0.45) (p<0.005). Anti‐HBc testing using the microparticle EIA method also correlated well with hepatitis B vaccination results. The use of a narrower definition of “reactive” for anti‐HBc EIA testing yielded much mo

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255593.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Transfusion‐induced immunosuppression has long been known to be beneficial for organ transplantation patients, but recent retrospective studies suggest that blood transfusions may be detrimental for patients with cancer. If autologous blood is used to avoid immunosuppression, the assumption is that the procedure, involving blood donation, is immunologically neutral. In the present study, this assumption was evaluated by monitoring 33 normal blood donors and 16 colorectal cancer patients before and after donation of 1 (500 mL) and 2 units of blood, respectively. The cancer patients belonged to the autologous arm of a randomized trial in which the effects of allogeneic versus autologous blood on cancer prognosis were studied. The patients donated 2 units of blood with an interval of 3 to 4 days between donations. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that blood donation by normal donors and cancer patients had no effect on the proportion of B, T, and natural killer (NK) cells. Only the total number of lymphocytes was significantly decreased in the normal donors on Day 12 after donation. Blood donation had no significant effect on T‐cell function assessed by phytohemagglutinin stimulation in normal donors or in cancer patients donating 2 units of blood. A significant depression of NK cell function (88% and 74% of predonation levels) was observed in normal donors on Days 2 and 5 after donation; on Day 12, the activity was again normal. Colorectal cancer patients had a significantly depressed NK cell activity (54% of predonation activity) on Day 12 after the first donation. Before donation, the NK cell activities of blood donors and cancer patients were similar (45.6 ± 4.3% and 41.4 ± 3.6%, respectively, at the 50:1 ratio). Before donation, the number of NK cells correlated significantly with NK cell activity, but, after donation, such a correlation was lacking. This study indicates that blood donation, especially the donation of 2 units, leads to a depressed NK cell activity. If confirmed in a larger study, this finding may have important implications for cancer patients undergoing su

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255594.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared from units of whole blood are routinely stored singly at 20 to 24 degrees C and pooled prior to transfusion. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the in vitro properties of pools of six (n = 19) and eight (n = 17) ABO‐identical PCs after storage, with comparative studies involving single units (n = 33). The pools were prepared using the sterile connecting device. One‐ day‐old and 3‐day‐old PCs were pooled and stored for a total of 5 days in a container system consisting of two 1000‐mL polyolefin containers. The pooled platelet suspension was divided approximately equally between the two containers. The platelet count was reduced by less than 5 percent during storage of the pools, which is similar to the reduction found with storage of control units of single PCs. The volume loss due to pooling was 9.6 +/− 1.9 percent (mean +/− 1 SD). The pH of the PC pools was approximately 7.0 after 5 days of storage, with no pool having a pH below 6.2. In vitro platelet properties, such as morphology score, extent of shape change induced by ADP, total ATP, aggregation response to ADP and collagen, response to hypotonic stress, lactate dehydrogenase discharge, and beta‐thromboglobulin release, were similar for pools and control single PCs. In addition, comparable low levels of thymidine uptake were detected in the mononuclear leukocyte fraction of pooled and unpooled PCs that were stored for 5 days at 20 to 24 degrees C, which indicates that the mixing of lymphocytes in the pool did not stimulate in vitro immunologic reactions. Culturing of samples at the conclusion of storage did not show evidence of bacterial contamination. These studies demonstrate that pools of ABO‐identical PCs have satisfactory in vitro platelet prope

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255595.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Critically ill neonatal infants receive frequent small‐volume red cell (RBC) transfusions for replacement of blood drawn for laboratory analysis or for treatment of symptomatic anemia secondary to underlying medical conditions and/or a relative bleeding diathesis. Retrospective review of transfusion practice in a hospital revealed that the donor exposure‐to‐transfusion ratio was 1:1.3. In an effort to limit donor exposure and decrease the risk of transfusion‐transmitted disease, a sterile connection device was used for multiple small‐aliquot preparations. Three neonatal infants were given part of the same RBC unit, and the assigned RBC unit was used only until it reached 14 days of age. These criteria resulted in 49‐percent reduction in donor exposure for neonatal infants weighting less than 1500 g and 27‐percent reduction for those weighing more than 1500 g. The donor exposure‐to‐ transfusion ratio decreased to 1:2.5. RBC waste from syringe aliquot preparation and residual volume at Day 15 were a mean of 32 percent of the total unit volume. Of 722 transfusion occurrences, there were no reported adverse effects due to elevated potassium subsequent to transfusion of 14‐day‐old RBCs. This limited‐donor‐exposure strategy effectively meets the needs of a transfusion service and will reduce the donor exposures of neonatal infant

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255596.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A microplate system for performing ABO and Rh(D) blood group determinations with a Kemble Kemtek 1000SP liquid handling processor, an Anthos 2001 microplate reader, an IBM Personal System 2 microcomputer, and Sanguin Forma software is described. The performance of this Kemble/Anthos/IBM/Sanguin microplate system for ABO and D grouping was evaluated by testing 10,042 routine blood donor samples in parallel with the forward‐grouping channels of a Technicon AutoAnalyzer blood grouping system. Manual techniques were used to perform ABO reverse groupings and to resolve all ABO forward‐ and reverse‐grouping discrepancies. D‐negative test results were investigated and confirmed manually by the indirect antiglobulin test. Of the 10,042 samples tested, 97.3 percent were grouped correctly. There were 266 samples whose results were flagged as no type determined, of which 124 were ABO tests and 142 were Rh tests. In addition, 30 weak D samples missed by both automated systems were detected by manual indirect antiglobulin test. The system is flexible and easy to maintain and

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255597.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Irradiation of blood components eliminates the risk of transfusion‐ associated graft‐versus‐host disease. Freezing directed or rare red cell units that are irradiated but not transfused would facilitate inventory management and would increase the transfusion options for the involved patients. However, no studies have been performed to evaluate whether prestorage irradiation damages subsequently frozen red cells. Ten normal volunteers donated a unit of whole blood on two separate occasions. One unit was irradiated with 15 Gy (1500 rad), stored at 4 degrees C for 6 days, and then frozen and stored at ‐75 degrees C for 56 days. The other unit (control) was similarly stored but was not irradiated. Aliquots of the units were tested on Day 0 and Day 6 and, after deglycerolization, on Day 62. Comparison of means and changes in means showed no significant differences in red cell ATP, 2,3 DPG, or supernatant hemoglobin and glucose in control and irradiated units. The difference in the change in supernatant potassium from Day 0 to Day 6 in control and irradiated units was significant (1.5 to 28.6 mmol/L vs. 1.5 to 48.5 mmol/L: p<0.0001). Irradiation did not cause significant differences in postdeglycerolization red cell recovery (control, 84.5% vs. irradiated, 81.2%) or in 24‐hour posttransfusion autologous red cell survival (control, 91.1% vs. irradiated, 90.9%). Red cells can be irradiated, stored at 4 degrees C for 6 days, and subsequently frozen with no increase in detectable damage as compared to controls that were not i

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255598.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two apheresis systems (COBE Spectra and Fenwal CS‐3000 Plus with TNX‐6 chamber [CS‐3000 Plus]) were compared by using their yield predictors and maximum processing times in regard to platelet yields and processing times (n = 200 each). Platelet yields (n = 50 each) and white cell (WBC) content (n = 20 each) from procedures using the current software revision (3.6) on the Spectra and various interface offset (IO) settings on the CS‐3000 Plus were also compared. Significantly higher median platelet yields (4.88 [range, 1.84‐9.97]vs. 4.57 [range, 2.82‐9.20] × 10(11) platelets) and frequency of components with>or = 6.0 × 10(11) platelets (31.5 vs. 21.5%) were found with the Spectra. In the study with Spectra and the CS‐3000 Plus IO settings, IO‐10 and IO‐13, overall, produced the most platelets, although the differences were not significant. All Spectra collections tested had<5 × 10(8) WBCs, and, depending on the software revision, had either 85 percent (revision 3.6) or 100 percent (revision 2.5) of components with<5 × 106WBCs. To ensure that 100 percent of components contained<5 × 108WBCs when the CS‐3000 Plus was used, IO settings of 10 or less were required, and to ensure components with<5 × 10(6) WBCs, only IO‐6 could be used. Spectra and CS‐3000 Plus were capable of collecting large doses of platelets (up to the equivalent of 18 units) in processing times of 67 to

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255599.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The neutrophil‐specific NB antigen system has been serologically characterized with human alloantisera. Two alleles, NB1 and NB2, have been described; however, there may be important quantitative or qualitative variation in the expression of NB1 and NB2. Human alloantibodies have been used to identify the 58‐ to 64‐kDa glycoprotein (GP) on which NB1 antigen is located, but an NB2 antigen‐ bearing molecule has not yet been identified. To identify the NB2 molecule, human alloantibody to NB1 was used to isolate the 58‐ to 64‐ kDa NB1 GP, and rabbits were immunized with this GP. Two rabbit antisera were produced. Both antisera immunoblotted and immunoprecipitated the 58‐ to 64‐kDa GP on which NB1 is located, but neither identified the molecule on which NB2 is located. The inability of two rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for the NB1 molecule to react with the NB2‐bearing molecule suggests that considerable differences may exist between these two molecules or that NB2 as currently defined is n

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255600.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Direct detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) DNA in serum or plasma samples has been reported in seronegative as well as seropositive individuals. An alkaline lysis procedure was adapted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of plasma specimens. Eighty‐ five seronegative hemophiliacs, 52 of whom had been exposed to HIV‐ contaminated blood components, and 19 seronegative at‐risk individuals were studied. Each sample was extracted and amplified with SK38/39 gag primers at least three times. Seventy‐six samples (72%) were consistently negative for HIV‐1 DNA, 24 (22%) were positive only once, and 4 (3%) were positive twice. Genomic DNA from peripheral mononuclear cells was prepared from 12 of 76 negative samples, 18 of 24 samples that were positive once, and 2 of 4 samples that were positive twice and analyzed with both gag and long terminal repeat primers. None (0/32) of these cellular DNAs were positive for HIV‐1, which suggests that these seronegative exposed hemophiliacs were not latently infected with HIV‐1. In contrast, all (10/10) control cells from seropositive patients were positive with both primer pairs. The detection of HIV‐1 DNA in serum or plasma may be prone to a high level of false‐positive PCR signals and should be inter

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255601.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A detailed description is provided of a method using a large‐volume (50 microL) hemocytometer to count very low numbers of white cells (WBCs) in platelet components. A method employing a Nageotte hemocytometer uses crystal violet stain and a standard microscope with a reading time of 5 to 10 minutes. The method is validated by using serial dilutions of known concentrations of WBCs in platelets and by correlation with a flow cytometric technique. The interobserver coefficient of variation was 11.9 percent for WBC concentrations>2 per microL. Use of the method for the evaluation of 203 WBC‐reduced platelet components prepared by apheresis or by filtration revealed that over 94 percent of components had WBC content<5 × 10(6). This method could easily be applied in the routine quality control of WBC‐reduced platelet components and in clinical studies employing these comp

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33593255602.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY