ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.1976.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ultrastructural distribution pattern and antigen site density of the major Rh antigens (C, c, E, e, and D) on red blood cell ghosts sensitized with IgG Rh antibodies were determined using electron microscopy and ferritin conjugated rabbit anti‐human IgG. The ferritin particle distribution pattern of all the Rh antigens studied was random and ranged from relatively isolated monodis‐persed clusters containing less than eight ferritin particles to large localized aggregates or masses of 20 or more ferritin particles. Evidence is presented to indicate that most of the antigen clustering was due to the conjugate during staining of the cell bound IgG on the stroma preparations. The conjugate‐induced antigen clustering was influenced by both the titer of the conjugate and the staining time. Whether a similar degree of antigen mobility exists in the native membrane remains to be determined. Estimates of the number of cell bound IgG molecules (number of antigenic determinants) based on ferritin particle scoring of IgG Rh antibody sensitized red blood cells under nonsaturating conditions were in the range of 20,000 to 32,000 for each of the Rh antigens. These findings are consistent with the view that the Rh antigen complex is associated with a single membrane comp

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.1976.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human blood, drawn into ACD, was stored under blood bank conditions with and without addition of tritium‐labeled progesterone. At selected storage intervals, several biochemical and biophysical parameters were assayed and the distribution of the hormone between plasma and erythrocytes was determined. The retention of the radioactive material by erythrocytes was studied by repeated washes with isotonic saline. The results indicate that erythrocytes stored with addition of progesterone have higher ATP levels, less spontaneous lysis, higher osmotic resistance, and higher uptake of methylene blue throughout the time of storage than do cells stored without added progesterone. This hormone appears to be in steady‐state equilibrium between plasma and red blood cells during 42 days of storage and the amount in the plasma is almost twice that present in the cells. After repeated saline washes, about 10 per cent of the progesterone remains attached to the erythrocytes. Specific association of progesterone with red blood cell populations of different density shows that high specific activity is obtained in cell populations of low density (young cells) throughout the storage time investiga

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155103.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Red blood cells were equilibrated with 28 per cent (v/v) glycerol and 3 per cent mannitol in 0.65 g/100 ml sodium chloride. The units were frozen by immersion into liquid nitrogen and stored at ‐160 C. After thawing, they were reconstituted and washed using the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor. Freeze‐thaw rate curves, the effect of thawing techniques, the effect of varying postthaw washing and processing techniques, estimates of red blood cell losses because of hemolysis, andin vitrorecovery were determined.In vivorecovery was determined by51Cr techniques 24 hours after infusion and Ashby survivals and subsequent life span were measured. Metabolic, scanning electronmicroscopy, cost estimates and quality control studies were done on the reconstituted red blood cells. Recipients were evaluated before and after transfusion for metabolic erythrocyte characteristics and for evidence of hemolysis.The modified method requires less wash solution and less technician time than does the standard low‐glycerol method. Two units for the same recipient could be passed through the IBM software with no alteration of cell survival or loss. Revision of the IBM 2991 processing procedure provided excellent recovery of viable previously frozen red blood cells at probably a lower

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155104.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Exposure of platelets to 1 C led to a transient increase in cyclic AMP levels (determined either by a protein binding method or by radioimmunoassay) within five to ten minutes reaching a maximum 10 to 15 minutes after chilling was begun and returning subsequently to baseline values. Addition of EDTA to the platelet suspension medium prevented this increase. Rewarming at 37 C produced a sudden reduction in platelet cyclic AMP. To determine whether the cold‐induced increase in cyclic AMP was due to a transient stimulation of platelet adenylate cyclase or a rapid inhibition of phosphodiesterase, these enzymes were assayed in ruptured platelet suspensions. Platelet adenylate cyclase activity was found to possess certain characteristics similar to those of the enzyme derived from other sources but there was a marked potentiation of fluoride‐stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 0.001 M EDTA. This effect was limited to low EDTA concentrations. Exposure of platelets to 1 C for up to 60 minutes did not increase adenylate cyclase activity but lowered it substantially compared with controls kept at room temperature. Phosphodiesterase activity at 1 C was depressed sooner and to a greater extent than was adenylate cyclase. The transient rise in cyclic AMP levels in chilled platelets appears to be due to a disproportionate reduction of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activ

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155105.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reye's syndrome (RS) consists of encephalopathy, fatty degeneration of viscera, and elevation of ammonia, certain amino acids, and liver enzymes in the blood. It is most characteristically a disease of children and has been considered to have a poor prognosis despite the use of various treatment regimens. Exchange transfusion (ET) with fresh blood (less than 24 hours old) for the removal of toxic metabolic byproducts in RS is a relatively recent development which appears to have improved the survival rates. However, because RS may occur in epidemic proportions at any time the demand for fresh blood can place an excessive stress on blood resources. We have, therefore, utilized saline‐washed (to remove potentially toxic metabolites) red blood cells (RBC's) less than six days old, and fresh frozen citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) plasma in treating this disorder. Nine patients in the Milwaukee community with severe encephalopathy secondary to RS were treated with ET.These patients collectively required 151 units of washed RBC's for 21 ET. Eight of nine patients survived without sequelae. Age of blood used did not correlate with the number of exchanges required or the eventual outcome. A continual computerized EEC in five patients provided objective evidence of the effectiveness of ET. We conclude that ET with saline‐washed RBC's reconstituted with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is a fast, safe, and effective means of treating patients

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155106.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A girl with Thalassemia major reacted to a transfusion of packed red blood cells with increasing respiratory distress until death 12/1/2 hours later. Chills and fever were followed by dry cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema. The recipient had lymphocytotoxic antibodies specific for donor leukocyte antigens HL‐A11 and possibly W14. At autopsy, the lungs showed pulmonary edema with extensive nonspecific acute alveolar injury. Similar cases in the literature are reviewe

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155107.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A collection of 1,985 lots of normal serum albumin (NSA) and 1,361 lots of plasma protein fraction (PPF) prepared between 1958 and 1974 were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Twenty‐one per cent of NSA lots and 71 per cent of PPF lots were HBsAg‐positive by radioimmunoassay. There was considerable variation in frequency of HBsAg‐positive lots among the 17 different manufacturers of NSA and the six manufacturers of PPF. In general, those lots prepared from volunteer donor plasma and placental material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg‐positivity than those prepared from commercial donor plasma. A striking decrease in the prevalence of HBsAg‐positive lots of both NSA and PPF occurred during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine screening of all plasma for HBsAg. Although NSA and PPF can be HBsAg‐positive, they probably do not transmit type B hepatitis. Serologic tests for HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg revealed that albumin products prepared from infectious, icterogenic plasma were infectious prior to pasteurization, but that they no longer transmitted type B hepatitis after heat treatment at 60 C fo

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1976.16276155108.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Whole blood was collected in increments varying from 100 g to 600 g into plastic containers intended for 450 ml collections. In order to determine the clinical usefulness of over and undercollected bloods, red blood cell survival studies were performed after 21 and 28 days of storage andin vitromeasurements were performed weekly throughout the storage period. The red blood cell survival of 21‐day‐old CPD bloods was acceptable if as little as 300 g of blood were collected whereas a minimum of 400 g of blood was necessary to provide normal survival after 21 days storage in ACD solution. If as much as 600 g of whole blood were collected into a standard ACD or CPD blood pack, the red blood cell survival was within normal limits after 21 days of storage. These data demonstrate the limits to which over‐ and undercollected units can be utilized in transfusion th

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.1976.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Samples were obtained from 23 plasmapheresis donors before, during, and after double plasmapheresis. Seventeen chemical analyses were performed on these specimens and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Representative samples can be obtained from plasmapheresis donors before the procedure has begun, immediately after the first unit of whole blood has been removed, or 15 minutes after the completion of the entire procedure. The sample obtained after the first unit of whole blood has been removed will show dilutional lowering of the uric acid concentration, and the 15‐minute equilibration sample will show dilutional lowering of the inorganic phosphorus concentration. Short‐term donors and long‐term donors manifest a somewhat different hemodilutional response to plasmaphe

ISSN:0041-1132    

DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.1976.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY