ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOn April 23, 1988, approximately 9,500 barrels (400,000 gallons) of San Joaquin Valley crude oil leaked from an aboveground storage tank at Shell Oil Company's Martinez Manufacturing Complex in Martinez, California and entered Suisun Bay, an important recreation area. This article describes the remediation techniques Shell used to protect and clean up the Bay's oiled marshes, sloughs, rocky shores, marinas, and sandy beaches, and discusses the main methods of oil spill response, site‐specific factors that must be considered in choosing remediation techniques, the interaction between Shell and government agencies, and the costs associated with the spill. The cleanup's total cost was approximately $8.3 million, which did not include private claims and claims handling costs; Shell also signed a separate consent decree for $19.75 million with the state of California and the federal government. This spill and its aftermath emphasize the need for preparation that facilitates response actions, improves the chances for cooperation between responsible parties and government agencies, minimizes the time needed for remediation, lowers cleanup costs, and limits natural resource damage claims and penaltie

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRemediation results depend on thorough consideration of all the forces that influence contaminant behavior, including how the contaminant is distributed and the site's hydrogeology, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological factors involved in contaminant mobility and persistence. This information supports a cleanup project's initial investigation, helping decide the goals of the later remediation method, the usefulness of specific technologies, and the method's ultimate performance. This article discusses how the principal environmental and chemical processes influence contaminant fate and transport and explores four case histories that illustrate how that influence can help predict whether a project's goals are achievable, whether the project is needed at all, and whether those goals were actually achieved.

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBecause remediation techniques and technologies are themselves generally viewed as contaminant source by hazardous waste laws and regulations, permits are required to use them, even if it is only to contain or remove a site's principal contaminants. Referring to such major environmental laws as the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, RCRA, TSCA, and CERCLA, this article outlines the steps needed to translate cleanup projects into the appropriate permits.

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 1981, the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) discovered groundwater contamination by solvents and chromium at the Phoenix Goodyear Airport (PGA), just outside the city of Phoenix. ADHS and the U.S. EPA sampled the site for the next two years, finding that eighteen of their wells were contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE), six exceeding ADHS's action level of five micrograms per liter (μg/l). In 1983, the PGA site was added to the National Priorities List, and, in 1984, EPA began a $3 million remedial investigation, focusing on soils and groundwater. This article discusses how that investigation inspired the authors to develop a stream‐lined evaluation method for PGA's volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the process for establishing VOC cleanup levels, and the $26 million of remediation work needed to be done at the site. The heart of this effort is a computer program called VLEACH, loosely standing for VOC‐LEACHing, which anticipates the influence of VOCs on PGA's groundwater, even as remediation proc

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCatalyzed hydrogen peroxide was applied to contaminated soil at an equipment storage yard in Reno, Nevada, that had also been used as a dump for motor oil and diesel fuel for twenty years. The site is only a quarter mile from the Truckee River—a principal source of Reno's drinking water. This article details hydrogen peroxide's advantages, disadvantages, costs, and treatment for reducing to below the 100 mg/kg Nevada action level the petroleum hydrocarbons in the yard's arid soil, which is characterized by low organic carbon content and low manganese oxide conten

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOn‐site oxygen generation was chosen as the most effective and efficient source of pure oxygen for enhancing biodegradation at a hydrocarbon‐contaminated oil and gas well site in northern Michigan. Contaminants include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes released through natural gas dehydration practices that were halted in 1985. Free product and contaminated soil were completely removed from the source area in spring 1989, leaving only the groundwater plume for further remediation. This article discusses the project's two phases—a purge and treat system and the pure‐oxygen bioremediation system—each costing $75,000. It also details the combined system's technical elements (including purge and monitoring wells, oxygen generator, and drainfield), and cleanup results (including how pure oxygen has helped destroy contaminants, not merely move them to oth

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo remote‐controlled robotic submersible vehicles and an automated shredder are helping remove and dispose of highly reactive, sometimes explosive materials, dumped into a water‐filled quarry at the U.S. Department of Energy's reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Human workers never enter the four‐acre site, except for well‐planned equipment maintenance and to shoot holes from a protected but into the retrieved containers, releasing pressure and exposing the contents to air and water. During its approximately two years of operation, the $8 million project has retrieved more than 15,000 items from the thirty feet of water at the bottom of the

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBioassays can provide meaningful information about the relative toxicity of remediated soil samples, revealing the unwelcome toxic side effects produced by some cleanup projects. Section 121 of CERCLA's 1986 amendments calls for hazardous waste site remediations to permanently and significantly reduce the volume, toxicity, and mobility of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants. Traditional engineering technology has focused on reducing volume and mobility, assuming that such reduction would lead to reductions in toxicity. Environmental scientists have argued, however, that such reductions are not always the result, but lack of consensus on how hazardous waste mixtures should be measured toxicologically has slowed development of integrated assessments. The aquatic and terrestrial bioassays discussed in this article are evaluated for various chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, and actual waste site chemical mixtures at a Superfund mobility reduction project in Kent, Washington. Results suggest that although remediation accomplished the primary objective of reducing mobility, it also introduced toxic effects. These tradeoffs must be viewed holistically when the ultimate performance of cleanup measures is judged.

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTraditional environmental investigations are expensive and time‐consuming, involving heavy drilling equipment, several intermediate processes, and analyses at off‐site commercial laboratories. New, relatively inexpensive in situ sampling surveys can now quickly generate preliminary data in the field, helping to analyze soil gas and soil and groundwater forvolatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many of the companies that do them now also provide their own mobile laboratories for delineating contaminant plumes more quickly and at less cost than the traditional methods and guiding the placement of groundwater monitoring wells and soil borings. This column describes the main in situ sampling surveys available today, calculates their costs per sample, explores their advantages and disadvantages for remedial investigations, and offers advice on how to carry them

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440020411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY