摘要:

AbstractContamination of soil and sediment by pollutants represents a major environmental challenge. Remediation of soil during the original Superfund years consisted primarily of dig and haul, capping, or containment. The 1986 amendments to CERCLA—SARA—provided the incentive for treatment and permanent remedies during site remediation. Thermal treatment, which routinely achieves the low cleanup criteria required by RCRA land‐ban regulations, became one of the major technologies used for cleanup under the concept of ARAR. As the remediation industry matured and recognized specific market niches in soil remediation, a number of new technologies emerged. Thermal desorption, bioremediation, soil vapor extraction, soil washing, and soil extraction are being used on sites at which the technology offers advantages over incineration. In addition, a continuing stream of emerging technologies is being presented that requires careful evaluation relative to existing cleanup methods. Each of these technologies offers a range of options for achieving appropriate cleanup criteria, application to different soil matrices, cost, time of remediation, and public acceptability. Balancing cleanup criteria defined by regulation or risk assessment with technology cost and capability affords the opportunity to solve these problems with appropriate balance of cost and protection of human health and the enviro

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany states are promoting the cleanup and reuse of industrial sites. The reasons stem from the need to implement cost‐effective risk reduction programs that show reasonable progress in the cleanup of contaminated sites and from the need to make effective use of industrial sites instead of abandoning them and making use of greenfield sites for new industrial facilities. The industrial land‐use cleanup criteria developed by states are primarily risk‐based. Several EPA regional offices also have developed similar risk‐based cleanup criteria.This article addresses methodologies employed for assessing and evaluating the level of cleanup at several industrial sites in Texas, Michigan, and Ohio. This includes defining the regulatory framework, estimating the level and extent of contamination of soil and groundwater, assessing migration pathways, performing health risk assessments, and estimating cleanup requirements and associated costs. The implications associated with the various types of risk reduction options available for these states also are ad

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is an established fact that property owners can face significant liabilities as a result of an on‐site environmental contamination problem. This paper outlines a successful, innovative remedial strategy that, in conjunction with agency negotiation, afforded a property owner minimal financial expenditure and, at the same time, facilitated property cleanup and reuse. The strategy includes the delisting and sale of “clean” portions of the property to obtain the finances necessary to remediate the remaining “impacted” portion of the property.Previous investigations performed by EPA indicate the affected area to be a five to seven acre area located in the northeast portion of the property. Since a portion of the property was affected, significant restrictions for long‐term use were placed on the entire property.A summary of environmental data generated for the property was prepared and submitted to the agency. This data summary communicated a strategy which was developed to delist and sell the “clean” portion of the property and to use the proceeds to clean up the affected property. To accomplish this, several tasks were outlined, including work‐plan preparation and submittal, data collection, and interim remedial activities. In addition, a risk assessment is planned to identify potential threats to receptors downgradient of the impacted areas.This strategy allows the owner of an environmentally distressed property to use financial assets of the property to facilitate an acceptable solution with both regulatory agencies and the surr

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 1992, Eaton Corporation, a major manufacturer of vehicle components and electrical and electronic controls, implemented a fast‐track remediation method to expedite the installation of a groundwater recovery and treatment system to contain and mitigate a chlorinated solvent plume at an industrial site. This dual‐track method included fast‐track and turnkey project management techniques. Our goal was to expedite the containment and removal of identified contamination, which would protect the environment, minimize future liability, and significantly reduce remediation time and costs. This goal was in the best interests of all concerned—Eaton, the community, and the state regulatory agency. This strategy took the project from dual‐track concept approval by the regulatory agency to remediation system installation and start‐up in less than eight months, cutting over two years from the standard Remediation Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) approach, with consequent earlier contaminant containment. Total remediation costs were half of what they would have been under the standard RI/FS procedure fo

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAir sparging is an innovative methodology for remediating organic compounds present in contaminated, saturated soil zones. In the application of the technology, sparging (injection) wells are used to inject a hydrocarbon‐free gaseous medium (typically air) into the saturated zone below or within the areas of contamination. Two major mechanisms of remediation are engaged/enhanced due to the sparging process. First, volatile organic compounds are dissolved in the groundwater and sorbed on the soil partition into the advective air phase, effectively simulating an in‐situ air stripping system. The stripped contaminants are transported in the air phase to the vadose zone, generally within the radius of influence of a standard vapor extraction and vapor treatment system. Second, with optimal environmental conditions, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds may be biodegraded by utilizing the sparging process to oxygenate the groundwater, thereby enhancing the growth and activity of the indigenous bacterial community.Air sparging is a complex multifluid phase process which has been applied successfully in Europe since the mid‐1980s. Major design considerations include site geology, contaminant type, gas injection pressures and flow rates, injection interval (areal and vertical), and site‐specific biofeasibility parameters. Site‐specific geology and biofeasibility are the dominant design parameters. Pilot testing and full‐scale design considerations should also be addressed. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the air flow field during the sparging process and to examine the limitations imposed by site geology. Correct design and operation of this technology have been demonstrated to achieve groundwater cleanup to low part‐per‐billion contaminant levels. Incorrect design and operation can introduce significant pollution liability through undesirable contaminant migration in both the dissolved a

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLarge quantities of data are collected and evaluated throughout every stage of the remedial process. The usability of these data is often a function of the perceived “quality” of the data, with good data considered usable and bad data considered unusable. The assessment of data quality and usability has traditionally focused on analytical and other direct measurement errors and uncertainty. However, problems with the data that are measurement‐related are usually a relatively minor portion of the total error and uncertainty.Error and uncertainty are introduced throughout every aspect of any remedial process, including planning errors, measurement errors, and interpretation errors. Although each error component is important, the errors and uncertainty associated with the design, collection, and interpretation of data are often much greater than measurement‐related errors.Nevertheless, there is typically a disproportionate level of effort expended addressing the minor types of measurement errors when compared to other more important error components in the remedial process. However, the key to obtaining optimum data use requires the general redirection of Data Quality Assurance (DQA) activities from measurement‐related errors/uncertainty to other important planning and interpretation elements.The elements considered essential for developing an effective approach for maximizing data usability include: focused project planning activities stressing a rigorous data quality objective process and a geostatistical approach to the design of the data collection program; the development of sensible and appropriate data validation/review objectives; and the development of realistic error and uncertainty limits for measurement/analytical a

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method of analyzing soil vapor extraction (SVE) laboratory data using a sample of contaminated soil is presented to allow the calculation of equilibrium constants for an assumed gas/soil equilibrium expression. The constants can be determined for any compound measured in the exit gas. A Freundlich equilibrium expression was shown to represent the equilibrium in a soil contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and several aromatic solvents.

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEfficient, economical treatment of mercury‐contaminated soils and industrial wastes requires a treatment process that reduces mercury content to near background levels (<1 ppm) and recovers the removed mercury in pure recyclable form without producing liquid, solid, or gaseous secondary wastes. This article reviews the results achieved using a medium‐temperature thermal desorption process developed and commercialized by Mercury Recovery Services, Inc. (MRS) that has successfully achieved these go

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes portland cement‐based solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of heavy metal‐contaminated soil. The soil was discovered during highway construction in West Jordan, Utah. Environmental Chemical Corporation (ECC) performed an emergency response to remediate the soil under contract with the EPA and the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). The soil was treated by S/S. Treatment of the soil, contaminated with lead and arsenic, involved: (1) excavation, (2) size segregation, (3) reduction of oversized particles, (4) addition and mixture of portland cement and cement kiln dust, and (5) beneficial reuse of the treated soil as a subbase. S/S treatment successfully reduced Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) concentrations of the contaminants to below regulatory lev

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Sandia National Laboratories Environmental Restoration Project is in the process of determining the nature and extent of environmental contamination at numerous potential release sites. Sites found to be contaminated above certain action levels must be remediated. Sandia is responsible for preparing preliminary cost estimates for remediation activities in order to meet Department of Energy planning requirements for future funding. Sandia used the ENVEST parametric cost‐estimating model to prepare conceptual cost estimates for remediation prior to having definitive knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination. This article describes the estimating approach and the results achieved at Sandi

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY