摘要:

AbstractThe following quote from Abraham Lincoln, dated 1850, should be kept in mind by all environmental attorneys: “Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser—in fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peacemaker, the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good [person]. There will still be business enough.” This article discusses mediation and mediation skills as invaluable tools for settling and managing environmental i

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present a framework for evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of innovative technologies for environmental characterization, remediation, monitoring, and waste management. The authors describe the steps involved in actually using the methodology to perform a cost‐effectiveness analysis. They provide basic techniques for designing a fair comparison, developing scenarios, choosing a baseline technology, assessing relative performance, evaluating life‐cycle costs, and calculating cost savings. Examples are used to illustrate these concepts and a case study is presented involving a new remediation technology called in‐situ air st

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOften liability for environmental damage and cleanup of contaminated sites is made difficult, especially with chemically complex environments containing different pollutants, by the inability to differentiate potential sources (or “owners”) of pollutants from each other. As a result, unnecessary costs may be associated with having to assume financial responsibility for alleged contamination of a site. This article reviews the advances in chemical fingerprinting as a tool in identifying and differentiating sources of hydrocarbon pollutants in chemically complex environments. Appropriate hydrocarbon target analytes and required analytical methods for hydrocarbon fingerprinting are discussed, and new interpretative tools are presented that may be applied to contaminated soil, sediment, and groundwater environmental situations. With these analytical and interpretative techniques, an appropriate allocation of chemical contamination and costs at a site can be m

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe traditional approach to characterizing the extent of groundwater contamination is often phased over a period of several years. A screening method has been developed that allows the investigation process to be reduced to a single phase. Existing data are used to develop a preliminary estimate of the extent of contamination, which is refined by the screening method using groundwater data collected and analyzed in the field. The screening method is applicable at sites with volatile organic compound contamination. Groundwater samples are collected using direct push or drill rig assisted methods, and the groundwater headspace gas is analyzed for the contaminant of interest. The refined estimate is used to locate all of the groundwater monitoring wells necessary to finalize the estimate of the extent of contamination. Therefore, only one investigation phase is required, and time and cost savings are realized with respect to the traditional multiphase approach. The screening method was successfully applied at a CERCLA site in Nebraska with two distinct plumes of TCE‐contaminated groundwater. The Nebraska remedial investigation was completed approximately 18 months earlier than the estimated completion of a comparable phased investigation, with a corresponding cost reduction estimated at approximately 10 percent. If data from the screening method were used instead of data from monitoring wells, the estimated cost savings would be over 50 percent. Additional applications and evaluations may lead to industry and regulatory acceptance of the method as a primary characterization too

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStatistical evaluation procedures for monitoring data at facilities permitted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) are frequently established before monitoring begins. Selecting the statistical method before background data have been collected often leads to the use of statistical procedures that are inappropriate for the actual monitoring data. Such was the case for unsaturated zone monitoring at a permitted land treatment unit in the Gulf Coast area of Texas. Due to the large number of “not detected” results in the background database for lysimeters, statistical evaluation procedures specified in the original RCRA permit yielded an artificially low standard deviation, resulting in background values that were strongly biased on the low side. An alternate statistical procedure based on probability plots was developed and was accepted by the state environmental regulatory agency. This technique, which has wide applicability for many types of environmental monitoring data, significantly reduced the chasing of false positives, thus saving potentially expensive investigations and remediati

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnvironmental Resources Management (ERM) performed an evaluation of a biosolids chemical stabilization process known as BIO*FIX®, marketed by Bio Gro Systems, Inc., of Annapolis, Maryland. The purpose of the evaluation was (1) to assess major characteristics of the process and its final product, (2) to determine the quantity and final disposition of all components in the incoming biosolids, and (3) to determine if the process conforms to new regulations promulgated and administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) titled “Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludges” (40 CFR Part 503).The BIO*FIX® chemical stabilization process involves the addition of calcium oxide (CaO) to dewatered biosolids at rates that achieve the pathogen reduction and vector attraction reduction requirements of the 503 program while creating a marketable end product used as an agricultural amendment.ERM's project involved the testing of four process streams in order to create a mass balance on the process. Laboratory analyses were performed on samples of the dewatered biosolids, the chemically‐stabilized end product, and the scrubber water effluent. The primary components of concern tested in the above process streams were ammonia, metals, odorous compounds, particulate matter, and organic matter.Through the tests described in the article, ERM drew the following conclusions: (1) The major gaseous pollutant resulting from the BIO*FIX® process is gaseous ammonia. The total gaseous ammonia released from the product depends on the ammonia nitrogen content of the biosolids, and pH and temperature levels reached in the process. Additional ammonia is emitted when the end product is loaded in trucks and stored. Any gaseous ammonia remaining in the end product after processing will slowly dissipate over time. (2) Other potential odor pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans were found to be below detectable levels in the uncontrolled exhaust gas. (3) Metals were not found in the exhaust gas in any detectable quantities. They would not be expected to volatilize during the process. Particulate matter emissions were found to be very low. (4) The pathogen reduction and vector attraction reduction requirements of the 40 CFR 503 regulations were met or exceeded. (5) Finally, through observations and tests, ERM found that the BIO*FIX® chemical stabilization process provides for a simple, viable, and effective conversion of biosolids into a beneficial use product in compliance with all pertinent re

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes the application of in‐situ bioremediation for the treatment of an aquifer contaminated with 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCA). The first step in the process was to properly delineate the contamination and to contain the contaminated groundwater using a pumping well. The second step was to isolate in the groundwater microorganisms able to degrade DCA and to demonstrate the possibility of increasing their efficiency by injecting in‐situ nutrients and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution. In the third step, after the characterization of the hydrogeology of the aquifer with tracing experiments, the in‐situ bioremediation of the groundwater was conducted. The analyses show that 95 percent of DCA was destroyed by this treatment, leading to a DCA concentration around the pumping well of about 0

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA vacuum pyrolysis process was used for the remediation of hydrocarbon–contaminated soils from “Les Vidangeurs de Montréal” site in Mascouche in the province of Québec, near Montréal. Ten samples were tested on a laboratory scale batch reactor, and one sample was tested on a prototype process development unit. The process is simple, efficient, reliable, and economically competitive with other existing technologies. The vacuum pyrolysis process efficiently treated soils contaminated with a variety of pollution levels and types, irrespective of the soil matrix, providing treated soils meeting the A criterion (noncontaminated, residential level) of the Ministry of Environment Québec (MENVIQ). The pyrolytic oil and the noncondensable pyrolytic gases can be used as makeup fuel in the process, because they have a high calorific value and their combustion should not pose any emission problems. The waterphase effluent must be treated before

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440050111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY