摘要:

AbstractHeavy metal contamination of soil resulting from anthropogenic sources poses a significant challenge in many industrialized societies. The current technologies employed for removal of heavy metals often involve expensive ex‐situ processes requiring sophisticated equipment and removal, transportation, and purification of the soil. Generally, in‐situ remedial technologies are favored to ex‐situ methods for detoxification, neutralization, degradation, or immobilization of contaminants. In‐situ bioremediation is increasingly favored because of its effectiveness and low cost. A new type of bioremediation, known as vegetative remediation or “phytoremediation,” uses metal‐tolerant hyperaccumulator plants to take up metal ions from soils and store them in their aboveground parts. To select the appropriate phytoremediation technology, one must understand the technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, and availability of the suitable plant species. Equally important is determining whether the site's soil conditions are optimal to enhance or restore the soil biological activity. Before phytoremediation can be exploited on a contaminated site, greenhouse‐scale confirmatory testing is necessary to measure plant uptake and correlate shoot metal concentrations to available soil metals. These tests also validate that the harvesting and subsequent disposal of metal‐containing plant tissues are environmentally sa

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndicator kriging is used to estimate the probability that a discrete area of soil (known as an exposure unit) lies either above or below an action level, warranting a response of either remediation or “no further action.” Resampling procedures are introduced as a way to optimize the number of additional samples needed to meet desired Type I and Type II error rates. This article provides the reader a step‐by‐step guide to the kriging analysis and a case study illustrating the pro

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHazardous waste remediation technologies are rapidly evolving, and it is a challenge for environmental consultants and those working in the government and public sectors to remain current with those technologies. Fortunately, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through a variety of programs and initiatives, has been a leader in providing information on hazardous waste remediation technologies. This article provides an overview of EPA remediation programs and guides the reader through valuable EPA information sources including publications, databases, and on‐line service

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecords of Decision from 16 environmental cleanup sites on 11 different Air Force bases were evaluated to determine if cost plays a role in remedy selection. Cost percentile (the cost of the selected remedy compared to the ranges of costs in the alternatives considered) was evaluated against the variables of risk (current and future, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic), location, and contaminated media at the sites.Despite a statutory preference for permanent (and usually more expensive) remedies, the study found that cost is a significant factor in remedy selection. Eighty percent of the selected remedies fell in the bottom two thirds of alternatives by cost. Current carcinogenic risk and cost percentile were moderately correlated, but no significant correlation was found between the percentile of the selected remedy and future risk at the site or the location of the site. There was a moderate correlation between the contaminated medium and the percentile. Decision makers at sites with contaminated groundwater were more likely to select a high‐cost alternative than sites with other contaminated medi

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis of the cost effectiveness of passive soil vapor extraction (PSVE) is presented. PSVE, or “barometric pumping,” is an approach to the remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that seeks to harness and enhance the naturally occurring processes of wind and atmospheric pressure changes to facilitate the release of gas‐phase contaminants from the subsurface. The technology background and current status are discussed, niches for the potential applicability of PSVE are identified, and a cost comparison with the conventional treatment method of active soil vapor extraction (ASVE) is exa

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReactive walls containing metallic iron have been installed at several commercial sites in the United States to degrade chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater. Although the results of laboratory studies conducted to determine reaction mechanisms have been widely disseminated, little information has been published on the full‐scale application of this technology. This article describes the construction, implementation, and cost of in‐situ reactive walls at three commercial si

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons has evolved into a number of different processes. These processes include in‐situ aquifer bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, passive bioremediation with oxygen release compounds, and intrinsic bioremediation. Although often viewed as competing technologies, these processes actually form a continuum of biodegradation processes governed primarily by the interplay between oxygen or electron acceptor and carbon availability. Generally, as more carbon needs to be removed per unit time, more oxygen needs to be supplied. As the carbon availability or desired removal rate decreases, so does the electron acceptor requirement. By understanding this continuum approach, bioremediation can be applied as a flexible, variable‐speed technology, where the effort can be increased or decreased through oxygen supply. This article discusses the carbon‐oxygen demands of each process and the interplay between processes, and then provides operating guidelines for configuring bioremediation systems for maximum flexib

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-5658    

DOI:10.1002/rem.3440060311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY