摘要:

AbstractPremenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls of the same chronological ages (11.5–15.5 years) and from the same villages in Guatemala differ significantly in patterns and mean levels of several measures of bone development. Stature, metacarpal dimensions, bone mineral content and bone mineral density from single photon absorptiometry, and total alkaline phosphatase activity are significantly associated with menarcheal status. Controlling for chronological age, there is significant variation in bone development associated with variation in menarcheal status. Unequivocal presentation and analyses of bone development in adolescent girls require that menarcheal status or another adequate measure of maturation be considered. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRepeated measurements of body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution were obtained in female gymnasts to test the hypothesis of a selective response from localized fat deposits to intense physical training. Repeated measurements were obtained on the members of three nationally ranked collegiate gymnastic teams: at the beginning and peak of the training season. The highest ranked team was measured a third time, three weeks after the end of the competitive season. Body composition was estimated using anthropometry and bioelectric impedance; subcutaneous fat thickness was measured using skinfold calipers and ultrasound images of adipose tissue thickness (ATT). The mean difference between baseline and peak measurements were statistically significant (P⩽ .05) for the triceps and suprailiac skinfolds, and for the adipose tissue thickness at the suprailiac and hypogastric sites. There were no significant changes in weight, percentage of body fat, circumferences, or subcutaneous fat thickness at the subscapular, calf or medial thigh sites. In the team with three sets of measurements, only the triceps skinfold and the suprailiac ATT showed a statistically significant effect of training. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSerogenetic data on 16 systems and migration data from birthplaces of parent and offspring, collected from 949 inhabitants of 8 vilages on the island of Korcula in the eastern Adriatic (Croatia), were analysed. Geographic distance is not a strong determinant of the population structure on the island. The pattern of the genetic variation now observed derives mainly from history and migration behavior. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between skinfold compressibility and skinfold thickness while proposing a 3‐caliper technique for the estimation of uncompressed skinfold thickness. Skinfold and ultrasound measurements of skin‐plus‐adipose tissue were made at seven sites on 15 females (mean age 22.0 yr) and 13 males (mean age 23.2 yr.) The estimated uncompressed thickness (ZT) determined with the 3‐caliper technique correlated well with ultrasound‐determined thickness (UT), with the 3‐caliper technique offering a valid, simple and inexpensive method of estimating uncompressed skinfold thickness. Using linear regression analyses, skinfold compressibility varied with skinfold thickness. Using a compression percentage [C(Z/10)], both UT and ZT exhibited positive slopes with tissue compressibility. The concept of absolute thickness change (TD) from uncompressed (ZT) to compressed (H10) thickness values was adopted for use in covariance analysis in the assessment of gender and site differences in skinfold compressibility and was compared to results of traditional compression percentage analysis of variance. In a second sample of 40 males (mean age 25.7 yr) and 30 females (mean age 25.0 yr), a significant site difference was found using compression percentage ANOVA which was not present using the TD ANCOVA. This difference in results may be due to the fact that compression percentage is linearly related to thickness even though it is included as the denominator in the calculation of compression percentage. It was concluded that the TD covariance method should be used in preference to the compression percentage ANOVA when evaluating skinfold compressibility differences in gender, age and site of measurement. © 1993 Wil

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe validity of selected generalized (n = 7) and obese population‐specific (n = 2) skinfold and girth based anthropometric equations (using hydrostatic weighing as the criterion measure) was evaluated in 19 obese women before and after a mean body weight loss of 19.4 kg (percent body fat was reduced from 45.3% to 35.4%). For the present study, evaluation criteria of mean differences in percent body fat (%BF) of0.70, and total error (T.E.) values of0.70 and T.E. values of less than 5%. The obese population‐specific equations of Barrows and Snook (1987) and Weltman et al. (1988) were not accurate predictors of body composition after weight loss as they resulted in mean differences of 4.5–7.0 %BF. Although some of the equations examined were valid predictors of %BF either before or after weight loss, only the Jackson et al. (1980) equations which utilized both skinfolds and hip girth, and the Tran and Weltman (1988) equation which utilized trunk girths, resulted in mean differences ofr = 0.70, and T.E. scores of<± 5 %BF both before and after weight loss. It was concluded that the prediction techniques of Jackson et al. (1980) and Tran and Weltman (1989), which utilize girth measures as part of the prediction technique, may have clinical utility for estimating changes in %BF in obese females before and after sizable weight loss. © 1993 Wiley‐

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo analyze the effect of birth weight on weight, stature, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) at the ages of 6 and 14 years, 1,115 Jerusalem schoolchildren were studied. Correlations were low, but higher between birth and 6 years (range 0.10–0.31) than between birth and 14 years (range 0.04–0.20). The positive predictive values for the highest quartile of BMI at 6 and 14 years were 29.6 and 29.4% among boys, 31.4 and 33.0% among girls. They were highest for menstruating girls, 35.6 and 40.0%, respectively. These girls were already heavier at age 6 than other girls and bodys. Aanalysis of covariance showed that birth weight was consistently associated with weight, stature, and the BMI, while mother's origin, education and age, and the number of children in the family were not. Overall, the explained variance was low and decreased with age in both sexes. It was higher for stature than for weight, and was specially low for the BMI. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWorld Fertility Survey (WFS) data from Nigeria and Cameroon are used to examine the practice of permanent sexual abstinence in relation to menopause status to test the assumption that terminal abstinence may represent a “cultural menopause.” Terminal abstinence is also examined in relation to cumulative fertility to determine if the cultural practice of abstinence at the biological end of reproductive life affects lifetime fertility. Among married, not pregnant women ages 31–49, the frequency of terminal abstinence is 4.3% in Nigeria and 4.6% in Cameroon. The frequency of terminal abstinence increases with age. Using probit analysis, the median age at menopause precedes the median age at terminal abstinence. Chi‐square tests indicate significant relationships between terminal abstinence and menopausal status, although the relationships are country specific. Women in Nigeria who report terminal abstinence are more likely to be pre‐menopausal, while in Cameroon terminally abstinent women are more likely to be post‐menopausal. ANOVA and t‐tests demonstrate no significant relationship between terminal abstinence and cumulative fertility, although there are significant relationship between terminal abstinence and number of miscarriages, religion, education (in Cameroon), and having grandchildren through sons (in Nigeria). The timing of terminal abstinence is considered in relation to various time scales: chronological age, family stage, and reproductive stage. In Nigeria the scale of family stage appears to be important in determining the timing of terminal abstinence, while in Cameroon the scale is more likely to be gynecological. © 1993 W

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUpper and centralized body fat distribution is associated with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Few studies have focused on anthropometric characteristics of preadults from families in which there is a diabetic (NIDDM) proband. This study explores the prevalence of upper and centralized body fatness in Mexican American children from the Diabetes Alert study (1981–1983) in Starr County, Texas. Anthropometric data on 165 males and 224 females 9–19 years include measures of adiposity such as skinfold thicknesses and the body mass index (BMI), a measure of overweight. They show rates of obesity two to three times that of White children of comparable age and sex from National Health Surveys. In comparison with U.S. White subjects, Mexican American adults are shorter, have more adiposity and arm muscle mass and have sitting heights and body breadths at the mean of these dimensions for the U.S. population. Children from Diabetes Alert families show only marginal excess of severe obesity (>95th percentile of BMI) when compared to the general population of children surveyed in Starr County schools. Girls from these families, but not boys, have excess fatness in the BMI compared to Mexican American children from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES); suprailiac skinfold thicknesses are also greater in children of the Diabetes Alert study than in HHANES children. From 1972 through 1982, Mexican American children in South Texas showed an increase in average stature, weight, and the BMI. These data together suggest that excessive obesity exists and may be increasing in children in populations at risk for NIDDM. The prevention of NIDDM in the Mexican American population may be more effective if educational and promotional interventions include the school aged population. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050510

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050511

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY