摘要:

AbstractAnnual measurements of skinfold thicknesses at six sites (triceps, biceps, medial calf, subscapular, abdominal, and suprailiac) and the body mass index have been obtained from a sample of native Hawaiian school children and their non‐Hawaiian classmates in a four year semilongitudinal study. Four cohorts were measured, with the children beginning the study in grades one, four, seven and ten, respectively. Information on percentage of Polynesian ancestry, identity with Hawaiian culture, social class, and income were obtained from family interviews for the native Hawaiian children. Hawaiian boys at most ages surveyed are significantly fatter than their classmates on trunk sites, and are also fatter than National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (NHANES‐II) medians. Native Hawaiian girls have significantly greater trunk skinfold measures than classmates in only one surveyed age group. The percentage of Polynesian ancestry in this admixed sample of Hawaiian children is significantly related to fatness and body mass among children aged 9–12 years, but is not clearly related to fatness in other age groups. Socioeconomic measures are also not related to fatness in a simple manner. Intensive study of specific sex‐age groups may be required to identify factors that influence the amount of fatness of native Hawaiian school children. © 1992 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe accuracy of an anthropometric equation for estimating thigh muscle and bone area (MBA) and fat area (FA) was examined in two groups of Japanese male university students, an athletic group (n = 31) and a non‐athletic group (n = 18). The anthropometric equation examined included the anterior thigh skinfold (SFT) and thigh circumference (CF): (CF – π × SFT)2/4π. Actual MBA and FA were calculated by means of a computed tomography (CT) scan. The anthropometric equation overestimated MBA and underestimated FA, although the estimated values were strongly correlated with actual values. In addition, total thigh area was also overestimated by using thigh circumference. As MBA increased, the difference between estimated and actual MBA increased. Regression analysis using estimated MBA through an anthropometric equation was also done. The resulting equation was as follows: MBA = c1 × (CF – π × SFT)2/4π + c2, where the value of (CF – π × SFT)2/4π was the estimated MBA through the first anthropometric equation. The mean ratio of the residual to actual MBA was very small, 2.8% in the athletic group and 3.3% in the non‐athletic group. When a non‐linear model (MBA = (k1 × CF – k2 × π × SFT)2/4π + k3) was applied, the ratio was almost the same, 2.7 and 3.2% in the athletic and non‐athletic groups, respectively. The equation for all subjects in this study was as follows: thigh MBA = 0.706 × (CF – π × SFT)2

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVariability in both skin thickness and skinfold compressibility affects the relationship between the skinfold caliper reading at a particular site on the body and the actual adipose thickness at that site, thus inducing error in the estimation of body fatness. To investigate this variability, skinfold thickness by caliper and incised depth of subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured at 13 skinfold sites in 6 male and 7 female unembalmed cadavers aged 55 to 94 years. All skin was then removed and its thickness measured at the exact sites of skinfold measurement. The regional patterns for skin thickness were similar in men and women, though women had significantly (P<.05) thinner skin than men at the biceps, chest, supraspinale, and abdominal sites. Mean (SD) skin thickness for each cadaver over all sites ranged from 0.76 mm (0.28 mm) to 1.47 mm (0.43 mm), with an overall mean for men of 1.22 mm (0.36 mm) and for women of 0.98 mm (0.36 mm). The thickness of a double layer of skin expressed as a percentage of skinfold thickness for all cadavers over all 13 sites ranged from 7.1% to 33.4%. Because of their leanness and thicker skin, the mean for men, 22.7% (10.1%), was significantly greater than that for women, 10.8% (6.2%) (P<.0001). Mean skinfold compressibility over all sites was 53.5% (16.4%) in men adn 51.9% (16.5%) in women (not significant). Such marked variability in skinfold compressibility and in the relative contribution of skin thickness to skinfold thickness suggests the need for caution in comparing estimates of fatness by skinfold caliper between different subjects. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEight different asymptotic models, of which some are entirely new while others are revised versions, are compared with respect to their goodness of fit for the description of the longitudinal growth of stature in 27 healthy children from the French Auxological Survey. Some growth models are based ontotal age, defined as measured from the time of fertilization, and may be particularly suitable if prenatal data are to be included in the analysis or if prenatal extrapolations are desired. Other models are based onpostnatal age(age after birth), and some of these are the most accurate, but they would not be suitable for prenatal data or extrapolations. More general models, such as thepolynomial logisticor thetriple logistic, can be used but are not the most accurate among those included in the present study. Two new models are proposed which possess an improved goodness of fit. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn nutritional studies of traditional societies, it is often assumed that dietary intakes are sufficiently homogeneous for dietary studies of short duration to be adequate for accurate assessment of group nutrient intake. The present study examines this assumption by considering food and nutrient intakes of 25 adult males in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG). Five‐day weighed dietary intakes were carried out on each individual twice, with a 6‐month interval between measurements. The two measurements corresponded to the times of year when the climate was wet and wetter. Energy intakes, at 167 and 169 kJ/kg body weight, were within the range of values reported by other authors for adult males in PNG. Intakes of protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and calcium were low, while intakes of iron and vitamins A and C were above WHO (FAO/WHO, 1974) recommended daily allowances. Energy and nutrient intakes did not vary between the two times of year, with two exceptions: vitamin C and iron. Intakes of foods and food types varied between wet and wetter times, however. Within‐ and between‐subject coefficients of variation of intakes of energy and six nutrients were used to calculate sample sizes needed to obtain estimates of group intakes at different levels of reliability and number of days of dietary measurement. This varied with the nutrient under consideration and the time of year. At a given level of reliability, accurate estimates of carbohydrate intake could be obtained with smaller sample sizes and/or number of days of observation than for energy, protein, and vitamin C intakes. Longer periods or larger samples would have been needed for the estimation of group vitamin A, fat, and calcium intakes. © 1992 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of low hemoglobin levels on the work performance of 74 rural Nepali villagers was examined with a 3 minute exercise step test. Work output was standardized at 75 watts for men and 55 watts for women. Hemoglobin values ranged from 4.2–15.7 g/dl, and averaged 12.0 ± 2.7 g/dl for 35 men and 10.9 ± 1.72 g/dl for 39 women. Low hemoglobin levels significantly elevated the heart rates and recovery times of the men, but not of the women. A positive relationship with oxygen uptake and a negative one with net mechanical efficiency was found for men but not for women (anemic men appeared more efficient as they used up marginally less oxygen during exercise). Values are in good agreement with those recently published for Gurkha soldiers, but are at variance with those examining the step test performance of Nepali women. In the light of behavioral data on work patterns, mild anemia may have little impact on the performance of moderate self‐paced physical activity. Nepali villagers pause frequently during the course of subsistence activities, a behavior which allows time for recovery from an elevated pulse rate. © 1992 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAssessments of skeletal maturity are usually made from handwrist radiographs, using either the method of Greulich‐Pyle (GP) or Tanner‐Whitehouse (TW). Recently the FELS method has been developed, and it represents a potentially valuable approach to skeletal age assessment. The present study evaluates the accuracy and precision of FELS skeletal age assessments compared with ratings by the GP and TW methods in a group of Italian children and adolescents. The hand‐wrist radiographs of subjects (171 males and 156 females 1 to 17 years) referred to the “Istituto di Puericultura e Medicina Neonatale” of the University of Genoa in Italy between 1985 and 1990 were assessed according to each method. Two independent observers rated the radiographs and one observer reassessed them after 6 months or more. GP estimates rather closely match chronological age; TW ratings tend to overestimate chronological age by 7–9 months around puberty, mainly in boys; and the FELS method tends to overestimate chronological age by amounts that increase with chronological age. The degree of precision of skeletal age assessments is within the usually accepted limits. Higher levels of repeatability and reproducibility are apparent for the FELS estimates than for GP and TW assessments. Thus, skeletal maturity is likely to be adequately interpreted by the FELS method as well as by the more commonly used GP and TW systems in Italian children and adolescents. © 1992 Wil

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasurement of body fat by dual photon absorptiometry (FatDPA) is based on the physical principles of differential attenuation of discrete photons by fat and other soft tissue components. The three traditional methods of measuring fat are indirect, in that they depend on measuring the fat free mass (FFM) based on the assumed constancy of water, potassium, and density in the FFM. Comparison of FatDPAwith fat measured by each of the indirect methods discloses systematic differences which shed light on the nature of the constancy assumptions. The purpose of this report is to study the effects of sex, age, and fatness, as well as race, on the traditional methods for estimating body fat%. In Asians (99 m, 109 f), blacks (64 m, 48 f), and whites (166 m, 212 f), 18 to 94 years, with body mass indices of 16 to 36 kg/m2, body fat measured by DPA was compared with fat by three traditional methods: total body potassium (TBK;40K counting), total body water (TBW; HTO dilution), and underwater weighing (UWW). DPA showed the highest overall correlation with TBW and the lowest with UWW, among the three traditional methods. Asians showed the lowest correlations between FatDPAand FatUWW. On average, FatTBKwas higher, while FatUWWwas lower than FatDPA. The differences between FatDPAand FatOTHERby the three traditional methods were correlated with age with a negative slope in all groups, the steepest slope being for FatDPA– FatTBKin blacks. Correlations with fatness showed positive slopes for FatDPA– FatTBWand – FatUWWbut not for – FatTBK. FatDPAcould become a criterion method for body fat, particularly in the young, old or ill, where traditional “constants” become unreliable, if calibration can be accomplished throughout the range of subject size. Ethnicity, age, sex, and fatness as well as illness are potent variables affecting the composition of the FFM; direct measurements of fat are preferable, to avoid artifacts resulting from using indirect methods. © 1992 Wil

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractB‐mode ultrasound was used to measure fat and muscle thicknesses on 30 subjects (17 men, 13 women, age = 20–37 yr) at 14 sites (triceps, biceps, forearm, chest [males only], subscapular, axilla, abdomen, suprailium, lumbar, quadriceps, suprapatellar, hamstrings, medial calf, and posterior calf) on two different days. Quadruplicate photographic images (trials) were printed from a single measurement at each site on each day. Two investigators each measured two of the images from each site. Each thickness was measured to the nearest 0.05 mm with a vernier caliper. Generalizability theory was used to determine the relative contribution of subjects, investigators, days, and trials to the total measurement variability. Subjects accounted for 84–96% of the variance in the muscle measurements and for 79–97% of the variance in the fat measurements. A subjects‐by‐day interaction accounted for 2–13% of the variance in muscle measurements and 2–12% of the variance in fat measurements. The contribution by investigators and trials to the variance was less than 1%. Generalizability coefficients (G) exceeding 0.92 were obtained for all sites for muscle measurements, while G for fat measurements exceeded 0.90 for all but the axilla site (G = 0.88). These results indicate that B‐mode ultrasound is a highly reliable method for the measurement of both fat and muscle thicknesses in young males and females. © 19

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between fatfold thickness and fat mass of 101 male and 66 female adolescents (10–16 yr) was examined with the allometric equation y = bxa. Body composition was assessed by underwater weighing and 5 fatfolds were measured: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh. Percent body fat ranged from 4.9% to 56.1%. The log of each fatfold thickness was plotted versus the log of fat mass. All the relationships were linear and exhibited monophasic allometry. All the alpha coefficients (slope of the log‐log plots) exhibited positive allometry. The prepubescent male and female alphas were similar and had the same pattern. The pattern contrasted the trunk with the extremity fatfolds. No differences (P>.05) were found between the alphas for the pubescent males. The triceps alpha of the pubescent females was less (P.05) different. In conclusion, the trunk was the predominant site of subcutaneous fat deposition for prepubescents, while pubescents exhibit a more general pattern of fat distribution. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY