摘要:

AbstractThe individual subcomponents of fat‐free body (FFB) in relation to height were investigated in 131 white (N = 85) and black (N = 46) males (MW, MB) and 108 white (N = 63) and black (N = 45) females (FW, FB), aged 8 to 18 years. Bone mineral content (BM), bone width (BW), and bone mineral index (BMI) were measured using photon absorptiometry; total body water (TBW) was measured by deuterium dilution; body density was measured by hydrostatic weighing, correcting for residual lung volume; and estimates of lean body mass (LBM) were made from total body potassium (40K spectroscopy). The subcomponents of the FFB—BM, BW, BMI, TBW, and K—were regressed on the log of height to determine the exponent of the independent variable (Ht) that would most accurately predict the dependent variables (BM, BW, BMI, TBW, K) within gender and race. Regression equations were derived for each of the variables used to represent a subcomponent of the FFB on Ht. Significant (P<.05) racial differences were found in BW, with the MB having wider bones than the MW. Significant racial differences were observed in BMI with FB demonstrating a greater difference across height than FW. Racial differences in BM and TBW approached significance within the female sample. At heights greater than the mean of a typical pubescent child, the males had higher values for each of the variables, except for BMI, than did the females. The lower BMI values observed in males indicated that the rate at which male bones grow in width was greater than their rate of mineralization. Within the male sample, blacks had higher bone mineral than whites with the magnitude of these differences dependent on the variable under consideration. Within the female sample the blacks had greater amounts of BM and BMI in relation to height, while the whites had a greater amount of K. Therefore, the magnitude of the differences between blacks and whites in the subcomponents of the FFB are dependent on gender, stature, and the particular subcomponent of the FFB under consider

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship of whole‐body electrical resistance (WBR) to fat‐free mass, derived from densitometry (FFMDb), hydrometry (FFMTBW), and densitometric fat‐free mass corrected for hydration (FFMD+W) was investigated in three independent samples (AZ, IL, CA). Subjects included 75 males and 75 females ranging in age from 18 to 32 years. Whole‐body resistive index (WBRI) computed as height2/resistance was highly correlated to FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W(r = 0.97, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively). Multiple regression analysis was employed to develop prediction equations for FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W. In each prediction equation, WBRI was the single best predictor. Accounting for sex and variation in body weight significantly improved the prediction equations, by increasing the R2s to 0.95, 0.94, and 0.96 and decreasing the SEEs to 2.6, 3.2, and 2.5 kg, for FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W, respectively. Similarity of the SEEs between methods (less than 1.0 kg difference) suggests consistency in the precision of WBRI estimates for body comp

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong 1,165 subjects aged 6–18 years who were examined once cross‐sectionally, a significant variation in body height and weight according to the month of birth of the subjects was found. All subjects belonged to the so‐called Cape Coloured community, were born locally, and their parents belonged to the most affluent sector of the community. Individuals born in February to July were shorter and weighed less (by 13 to 17% of the standard deviation) than those born in August to January. These results are similar to those obtained for Canadian children, who were measured on their birthdays. Since our individuals were measured only once, at the same time of the year, observed differences cannot be ascribed to seasonal fluctuations of growth rates prior to measurement but must constitute a persistent effect of seasonal fluctuation in earlier growth. Immediate environmental conditions (food, temperature, rainfall, and insolation) in the Southern Hemisphere fluctuate seasonally 6 months out of phase from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus the similarity of our findings to those from the Northern Hemisphere suggests a factor common for the entire earth, possibly related to the ellipsoid shape of the orbit of the p

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStructural regression models are applied to longitudinal data to study reciprocal causal influences between malnutrition and infection in preschool children. Two models of three waves (time periods) are applied: a two‐variable model, the variables being acute malnutrition and diarrhea; and a three‐variable model, which includes chronic malnutrition as a third variable. Malnutrition is measured by standardized weight for age and standardized height for age, and enteric infection is measured by diarrhea. The latter is expressed as the number of days with diarrhea or fever divided by the number of days at risk in the trimester preceding anthropometric assessment. The data used in the analysis were gathered as part of a longitudinal study to estimate the effects of nutrition on mental and physical growth, conducted by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panamá (INCAP) in rural Guatemala. The sample comprises 508 children with complete data from families residing in four rural villages. Results provide evidence of significant causal influence of both diarrhea on acute malnutrition and of acute malnutrition on diarrhea. A cumulative effect of acute malnutrition on chronic malnutrition that leads to growth retardation is identified. Accordingly, interventions aimed at decreasing the causal effect of infection on malnutrition, as well as interventions aimed at improving the nutritional condition of children, are requ

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring and in the decades after the Irish Famine of 1846 to 1851, the population of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down, both declined in numbers and changed in its composition. In 1863 the surnames of all resident householders were collected as part of a national valuation. These data have been used to calculate random isonymy values between civil parishes and the resultant matrix plotted by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. The results revealed both a major geographical barrier to gene flow, and politico‐religious boundaries in existence since the early 17th century. The inter‐relationships between random isonymy, geographical distance, and religious denominational frequencies within the peninsula were investigated by multiple regression analysis. While geographical influences predominated over short and long distances, in the intermediate distance range religion played the dominant role. The net effect of these subdivisions, in combination with famine‐associated population losses, would have been to reduce local effective population sizes significantly, thus enhancing the potential for genetic drift and random inbre

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHeight and weight for age and height and weight velocity are examined in a sample of Bangladeshi adolescents aged 10–20 years with an average age at menarche of 15.8 years. Interpopulation differences between pre‐ and postmenarcheal girls are assessed and age patterns are compared to standards of U.S. and British adolescents. Bangladeshi adolescents are shorter and lighter for their age and lighter for their height than are U.S. adolescents. The growth spurt in height and weight is delayed and spread out over time, and growth rates are lower throughout the spurt when compared to British and U.S. girls. As in developed countries, most girls attain menarche after peak height velocity, while weight gain per year is highest around the time of menarche. There is no significant relationship between age at menarche and height or weight at menar

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children are associated with decreased growth. Among 139 children aged 1 to 10 years (66 male, 73 female) who attended a Pb clinic in Dallas, Texas, growth was decreased by 1.6 cm in height, 1.4 kg in weight, and 0.6 cm in head circumference for each 10 μg/dl increase in blood Pb. Consistent with previously reported effects of Pb, several clinical symptoms (hearing deficit, dental problems, hyperactivity) were increased in frequency among children with high blood Pb levels (X̄Pb= 34.6 μg/dl ± 5.6) compared to the children in the low Pb level group (X̄Pb= 11.9 μg/dl ± 3.3). Interestingly, pica was significantly increased in frequency among children in the high Pb group, indicating oral consumption of non‐food matter was a major source of Pb intoxication. These results suggest that increased Pb level is an important risk factor for growth deficits in

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Preece‐Baines model I function, adapted for use with a personal computer, is applied to the longitudinal growth records of Guatemalan children and adolescents of high socioeconomic status. The fit of the Preece‐Baines function to the Guatemalan data is compared with those of published analyses of the function fitted to the growth of British, Belgian, urban and rural Indian, Australian Aborigine, and African children. Guatemalan, British, and Belgian samples share generally favorable environments for human development and show few differences in the amount and velocity of growth, or in the timing of growth events. Urban Indians live under relatively good environmental conditions and are similar to Guatemalans in the timing of growth events, but grow more slowly and grow less than the Guatemalans, British, or Belgians. Rural Indian, Australian, and African samples live in environments that delay or retard growth, and these last‐named three samples grow more slowly, delay the onset of the adolescent growth spurt, and achieve smaller adult height than the Guatemalans. Parameters of the Preece‐Baines model are compared between all samples and show that there are several alternate paths in the rate of growth and the timing of adolescent growth events that may be taken from childhood to ad

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInconsistencies in the literature on the relationship of infant feeding practices to stature were explored in a tri‐ethnic sample of 3‐ or 4‐year‐old children. Measures of child stature, maternal stature, child age, type of infant milk‐feeding, time of introduction of high fat and high carbohydrate foods, and social characteristics were analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques. No statistically significant bivariate or more complex relationships were detected between the modes of infant‐feeding and child stature. The best‐fitting regression equation accounted for 61% of the variance, revealing strong relationships with child age and maternal height, and weak relationships with child adiposity, gender, and ethnicity. The present results indicate that there is little likelihood that metabolic effects induced by methods of infant‐feeding affect stature, at least among 3‐ or 4

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents various aspects of Pedigree Analysis through a review of a study of a Newfoundland genetic isolate. This study has evolved over a number of years and involved many researchers. The population came to attention due to a greatly enhanced incidence of a variety of lymphoreticular malignancies. Genetic analysis shows clearly that there are (at least) two groups of traits. Whereas the distribution of the leukaemia and lymphosarcoma cases show no clear genealogical pattern, the existence of a single recessive allele causing susceptibility to Hodgkin's disease and immunodeficiency in an isolated New‐foundland population can be inferred. There appears to be no heterozygote penetrance, but in the period up to 1974 homozygote penetrance was high and perhaps complete. More important, the ancestral paths of the allele can be inferred. Many ancestral individuals are obligatory carriers, and most others have either probability>95% or<5% of having carried the allele. More recently, methods were developed and applied in order to investigate linkage of this locus to conventional blood group and serum protein marker loci. Although no linkages were found, some observed associations were clarified, and some definite non‐linkages establis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY