摘要:

AbstractThree‐monthly measurements of tibia length, crown‐rump length (CRL), and body wieght have been made on nine indoor‐housed and six outdoor‐housed female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from ages 17 to 41 months. In the indoor‐housed there were clear pubertal growth spurts, identifiable in individual curves, with average peaks at 22.5 months for tibia length, 23.5 months for CRL, and 24.5 for weight. Menarche occurred on average at 26.0 months. In both skeletal dimensions the amount of acceleration exceeded that which occurs in man. The relative timing of the spurts and of menarche was similar to that in man. The outdoor‐housed monkeys showed a similar spurt in tibia length, although a less easily identifiable one in crown‐rump length. The peak velocity of tibia length in these monkeys occurred on average at 30.5 months, with menarche at 32.5 months. We conclude that the pubertal growth spurt in female rhesus is very little different fro

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSartwell's biometrical model is useful to test potential causal factors at the origin of biological phenomena of unknown etiology. It postulates a lognormal distribution of the incubation time. The method has been applied in the past to infectious and neoplastic diseases and, only lately, to genetic diseases. We report here an application to unlike‐sex and like‐sex twins in an attempt to infer causal origin from a family of potentially related factors. Two hypotheses are tested: the maternal prenatal origin of unlike‐sex twins, and the menopausal basis of like‐sex twins. The hypotheses are respectively grounded in the presumed genetic origin of DZ twinning, and in the ovarian‐dysfunction origin of MZ twinning. The study is population‐based; it proceeds from a matched control group and considers various time windows (induction periods) of possible etiologic significance—namely, age at onset of twins, the time window from the first birth to the twin birth, and the time window from the twin birth to the last birth. The study of lognormality has been carried out with the Box‐Cox transformations, Fisher's cumulants method, and the normal probability plots. Results show clearly that unlike‐sex (presumably DZ) twins have their causal origin in the maternal prenatal period as age of onset is definitely lognormal. Median induction time is 31 ± 6 years. This is interpreted as a multiplicative age‐related causal process involving hypophyseal hormones. The menopausal origin of like‐sex twins, a mixture of MZ and DZ, is less clear‐cut, as the fit of the distribution of the time window until last birth to a lognormal model is less than perfect. In spite of the heterogeneity of the like‐sex twin group, there is evidence that some cases of MZ twins may be menopause‐related. But this compl

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper the hypothesis is tested that circumferences are as useful as skinfolds in children aged 10–14 years to detect variation in regional fat distribution. This would be confirmed by the appearance of a significant canonical correlation between a vector of appropriately selected circumferences and an analogous vector of skinfolds, producing a weighted pattern suggestive of centralized obesity (that is a series of mathematical weights of different signs for central versus peripheral regions of the body). The hypothesis is confirmed (P<0.01) in this sample of 378 children of both sexes. The association occurs in thesecondcanonical correlation after a strong first canonical correlation providing information about fatnesslevel(0.83–0.87). The canonical correlations are low (0.29 in boys, 0.36 in girls), lower than has previously been reported in a similar study of adults. The circumferences most heavily weighted in opposite directions are the waist and thigh. These results are in accord with adult studies. This study didnotsupport the use of the waist‐hip circumference combination, the measures currently used in most epidemiologic studies of body fat distrib

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new method is proposed for determining changes in percent body fat (%BF) based on the difference between an initial value for abdominal girth (AG) and a calculated “target” AG based on a desired %BF. Group data from large‐scale anthropometric surveys in the military were used to derive specific reference values for Q, defined as the ratio of AG at a desired %BF to F(√BMkg/Htm). For an individual, Q*F resulted in an AG that corresponded to a desired %BF (set at approximately 20% for males and 30% for females). The method was applied to professional football players, longshoremen, shot‐put and weight‐lifting athletes, and obese males and females who reduced body mass and altered their body composition. The results showed that changes in AG with body mass loss were proportional to percentage changes in total body fat loss. These relationships permitted extrapolation to a projected target AG that corresponded to a desired %BF. The proposed method differs from the traditional approach that first determines %BF, and then the individual attempts to achieve a desired change in body mass or body composition. The objective of the new method is straightforward; the individual endeavors to attain a target AG that corresponds to a

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractParent‐offspring birth weight correlations are presented by sex of parent and infant. They range from .14 to .16, except for the mother‐daughter correlation, which is .32. This pattern of parent‐offspring correlations varies when the parity of the infant, the size of the mother, and the mother's drinking and smoking status are considered. All parent‐offspring correlations are higher when the infant is parity 2 or more. The mother‐daughter correlations are significantly higher than mother‐son correlations when the mother is above average in usual weight, height, or pregnancy weight gain. When the mother smoked before conception, all birth weight correlations except mother‐daughter are essentially zero. The mother‐son correlation is also very small if the mother was a regular drinker, independent of her smoking status. The complex relationships in this sample demonstrate that interactions with environmental variables must be taken into account in studies of familial aggregation of hum

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigation into the relationship between essential hypertension and migration and modernization typically conclude that modernized, urban migrants have more elevated blood pressures with age and are more at risk from hypertension than are their traditional rural sedentary compatriots. These differences are often attributed to greater stresses on the migrating or modernizing segment of the population. In contrast, this study of ruralsedentesand urban migrants in Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) indicates that hypertension and elevation of pressure with age have appeared in this modernizing population which was free of essential hypertension less than twenty years previously. Yet there are no significant differences in blood pressure or the incidence of hypertension of migrants and sedentes. This similarity of rural and urban islanders' health status is traced to the stress‐relieving nature of migration and the urban experience in Kiribat

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research reported on here was undertaken to identify the most important contributors to continuing high mortality on a small‐scale irrigation project at Nakwamoru in Turkana District, Kenya. The health status of project settlers had not been assessed prior to the present study, which was undertaken in 1978–79, a decade after the project was started. The purpose of the study was to estimate the nutritional status of project children and the major causes of morbidity in the Nakwamoru area. Nutritional status was derived from cross‐sectional anthropometric measurements, including weights, heights, triceps skinfolds, and upper arm circumferences, taken on approximately 60% of project children (n = 236) aged 1–10 years. The major causes of morbidity in project settlers of all ages for the period 1973–78 were estimated from outpatient records from the local primary care facility. Age/sex patterns of clinic use were obtained through interviews.Stunting was found to be prevalent, especially in children aged 1–4, while wasting was only observed in a small proportion of the sample, indicating a seasonal pattern of malnutrition. Derived cross‐sectional areas of upper arm muscle and fat were found to be low by comparison with U.S. standards, suggesting both energy and protein deficits in project children. Malaria and acute respiratory infections were found to be the major causes of illness in the local population, and both are likely to have contributed to the generally poor nutritional status of project children. Despite free biomedical care, 15% of the local population in general and 23% of adult females had never used cl

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractI estimate effective population size (Ne) and the inbreeding coefficient (FST) for contemporary United States using Wright's isolation by distance model (Wright:Genetics28:114–138, 1943) and parent‐offspring dispersal distances obtained from individuals surveyed as part of a study of modern dispersal patterns.Neis estimated to be minimally 3.61 × 107and more likely closer to 8.05 × 107; based on these values,FSTis between 1.59 × 10−7and 9.28 × 10−9, depending on whether it is measured relative to the United States population or the world at large. Not all the assumptions of the isolation by distance model are met by modern populations, and thus the results must be interpreted with caution. They suggest, however, that both mobility within and immigration into contemporary United States are great enough to make the probability of inbreeding and random genetic drift negligible factors in producing future evolutionary change. In contrast, gene flow, acting as both a constraint against geographic differentiation within the United States and by introducing new genes via international immigration, is likely to be a dominant evolutionary force in this

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310020211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY