ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing data on a population of 498 pedigreed baboons, the effects of several covariates, including sex, age, weight, and subspecies, on arterial blood pressures were studied. Females had significantly higher systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure than males. Both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures increased significantly with increasing weight, and for diastolic pressure, the increase was significantly greater in females than in males. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly decreased with increasing age and the decrease was larger in males. There were significant differences in arterial blood pressures that corresponded with degree of subspecies admixture. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSex and age differences in the incidence of hypertension and blood pressure (BP) levels and their concomitants are examined among the Manus of Papua New Guinea in the context of modernization. For Manus men, BP increases directly with both degree of modernization and duration of migration to the local towns and larger cities of Papua New Guinea, accompanied by similar increases in body mass and subcutaneous fat. For Manus women, however, although body mass and fatness increase along the modernization continuum, BP does not. Risk for hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) was increased fourfold among men who resided in town (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]1.5–13.2) and also among those who were in the highest tertile of fatness (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.6–10.4). Among women, older age (≥45) alone significantly increased risk tenfold (AOR = 10.5, 95% CI 1.7–66.8). Using a Mantel‐Haenszel χ2, a meta‐analysis of sex and age differences in relative risk for hypertension (160/95 mm Hg) among 20 Pacific populations, 9 traditional living and 11 undergoing modernization, was performed. While young men showed increased risk in modernizing populations (summary relative risk [SRR] = 1.34, 95% CI 1.12–1.60), older men had significantly reduced risk for hypertension compared with women in both traditional (SRR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.33–0.64) and modernizing groups (SRR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.59–0.84). This crossover between the sexes with advancing age is also evident for BP levels in a larger sample of societies and suggests a biological basis for hypertension risk. © 1

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe extent to which the relationship between body fat and blood pressure either differs by sex or explains sex differences in blood pressure is examined. Estimates of the relationship of blood pressure to several measures of adiposity in men and women were obtained from a systematic review of the literature and tests of whether these relationships differ by sex were performed. Analysis of covariance (controlling for age and race) was used for both casual and ambulatory blood pressure in the Cornell Worksite Blood Pressure Study (N = 276). In general, most adiposity measures were significantly related to casual and ambulatory blood pressure in men and women. Subscapular skinfold thickness and body mass index exhibited the strongest associations. The vast majority of adiposity/blood pressure associations were not significantly different for men and women. Finally, sex differences in adiposity did not account for much of the sex difference observed in blood pressure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHypertensive complications of pregnancy are more common at high than low altitudes. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; thus natural selection may be operating against women who develop the disorder and their infants. It has long been hypothesized that chronic hypoxia due to residence at high altitude predisposes women to develop hypertension during pregnancy. Prior studies indicate that maternal adaptation to pregnancy is altered by residence at high altitude such that some physiological characteristics of women pregnant at high altitude resemble those of women who develop hypertension during pregnancy at low altitude. This paper reviews data from studies, conducted over the past decade, which support a relationship between chronic hypoxia and hypertension during pregnancy. The results suggest that both the requirements for successful adaptation to high altitude, as well as the effect of lowered PO2during pregnancy, may contribute to the development of hypertension during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTAIM, the Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management, studied the effects of dietary sodium restriction or weight reduction, alone and in combination with low‐dose diuretic or beta blocker on blood pressure after 6 months. The responses to these interventions of men compared to women are presented for those persons randomized to placebo drug. Men undergoing a weight‐reduction intervention were able to lose more weight (5.9 kg) than women (3.1 kg),P⩽ 05. Men also had a greater percentage of wright loss and a greater reduction in body mass index (BMI), although not significantly so. Weight loss was correlated to a decrease in triglycerides (r = 0.37), but not in cholesterol. The weight‐reduction intervention lowered triglycerides more in men (−81 mg/dl) than in women(−21 mg/dl;P= .008). There were no sex differences in abiility to reduce sodium or increase potassium for those in the sodium restriction group. Both men and women decreased their sodium to the same extent by 36 mmol/day and 25 mmol, respectively, and increased their potassium by 13 mmol and 11 mmol, respectively. Blood pressure response at 6 months was greater in men than in women on weight reduction (a drop in diastolic pressure of −11 mmHg in men and 7 mmHg in women,P=.04). Sodium restriction had a similar effect on blood pressure in both sexes, and among men resulted in a significantly smaller reduction in blood pressure than did weight reduction. © 1995 W

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs reviewed in “Hypertension in Women: What is Really Known?” (Women's Caucus Working Group on Women's Health of the Society of General Internal Medicine [1991] Ann Intern Med115:287–293), the published literature reveals that hypertension frequently occurs in women and that only some prospective studies have defined specific benefits and risks of long‐term pharmacologic treatment. Major U.S. epidemiologic studies show the incidence of hypertension to very between 20% and 50% of the population. It is more common among Afro‐Americans than White Americans. Frequency increases with aging. Several studies of at least 3 years duration that have focused on the use of diuretics and B blockers are reviewed: Hypertension Detection and Follow‐Up Program (HDFP), Medical Research Council (MRC), MRC trial in the treatment of older adults (MRC‐Older), and isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly (SHEP). Both diuretics and B blockers generally lower blood pressure, and decrease stroke incidence and mortality. Diuretics seem to be more effective and better tolerated than B blockers. Long‐term studies of newer antihypertensive agents do not yet exist. The sexual side effects of drugs have only been studied to a limited degree in women. © 1995

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGender‐related research directed to hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) is discussed in terms of the one‐sex and two‐sex models. Gender “blind” research on the two conditions has resulted in questionable treatment regimes for women. In addition, the biomedical myth of CAD as a male disease has also perpetuated less‐than‐optimal treatment. Finally, the role of amount and distribution of body fat in the development of hypertension and CAD should be considered within an evolutionary framework. Body fatness in women has been of evolutionary survival value and current standards for ideal weight and risk for disease have to take this into account. © 1995 W

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven genetic systems were used to investigate the racial composition of a sample from a low‐income Mexico City Mestizo group, finding estimates of 0.590, 0.348, and 0.062 of Indian, White, and Black ancestry, respectively. The results are similar to another Mexico City group studied previously and to several Mestizo populations from different parts of the country. The one thing in common in all these groups is low socioeconomic status. There is only one report suggesting that Mexico City Mestizos have around 70% White ancestry, and there is reason to believe the sample was taken from a high socioeconomic group. It is suggested that low socioeconomic Mexican Mestizo groups are characterized by a high Indian ancestry, above 50%. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers, 400 patients were studied: 134 residents of an institution (RI) for the mentally retarded and 266 under non‐residential care (NRC). In the residential institutions, all markers were absent in 69 (65.7%) of 105 patients with Down syndrome and 20 (69.0%) of 29 clients without Down syndrome. In the NRC clients, 167 (85.6%) of 195 patients with Down syndrome and 65 (91.5%) of 71 clients with other mental defects (psychologically and physically handicapped, autism) had negative tests for HBV markers. The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was higher in institutionalized mentally retarded (RI) and older patients (21+ years). Examination of 195 Down patients revealed a higher frequency (1.4 times) of surface antigen carriers as strictly matched non‐Down syndrome cases (point prevalences 14.2% and 10.3%, respectively). The higher prevalence in affected cases appears to be primarily associated with a longer persistence of antigenemia. Results related to the sex of the patients were less clear. Neither affected nor non‐affected patients showed significant differences in prevalence among males and females. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY