ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe extent to which body size (stature, weight, or weight‐for‐stature) in later childhood is related to birth weight for normal‐weight, full‐term infants was explored using data from a national sample of U.S. children examined in Cycle II of the National Health Examination Survey, 1963–65. Standardized measurements of stature and weight from 4,689 white singletons ages 6–11 years were linked with birth certificate information. There were small but consistent positive associations of attained stature and weight with birth weight. The Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure of weight in proportion to stature, was also positively related to birth weight, although not as consistently, suggesting that the greater attained weight of higher birth weight children may be related to increased adiposity as well as to greater stature. However, simulations of the effect of an across‐the‐board increase in birth weight by 100 g or 200 g showed a negligible expected increase in the number of children with high BMI values. These findings indicate that birth weight is directly or indirectly a factor related to growth in childhood, but that upward shifts in the distribution of birth weight would have little effect on the prevalence of childhood obesity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, IncThis article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWeight gain and several anthropometric indicators were studied in a sample of 181 pregnant women. The period considered ranged from the 12th to the 34th weeks of gestation. Changes in all of the attributes were calculated and related to a birth weight below 3,000 g. Optimal cut‐off points for each indicator were defined as those which minimize a loss functioin which depends on the rates of false positive and false negatives. The independent predictive capacity of each attribute was assessed by means of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, relative risk, and two “measures of detectability” associated to the ROC (relative operating characteristic) curve of the attribute. A logistic regression model was fitted by searching for the best combination of indicators. The individual predictive capacities of the attributes were considerably improved when they were combined into a logistic equation. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConservative criteria are generally employed to select only “sufficiently large” linear enamel defects to be scored as linear enamel hypopasias (LEHs), a practice that excludes enamel defects below arbitrarily selected size thresholds. A question arising is, are such practices likely to exclude small, yet authentic(i.e., physiological stress induced) LEH? The permanent maxillary and mandibular first and second incisors, canines, and first premolars on dental casts (n = 532) form a contemporary Canadian farming commune were scored for LEH, with linear defects being categorized by both breadth and width to yeild the scoresA(smallest),B,C, andD(largest). Relative frequencies were calculated as the percent prevalence of each score per tooth divided by the highest percent prevalence exhibited by any tooth in the same dental arch. The intertooth patters of the relative frequencies were tested for concordance. Secondly, assuming that different researchers employ different scoring criteria, tests for concordance ofmean n of LEHs/toothwere conducted using data from four different reports as a second test for intertooth concordance of various‐sized defects. Substantial concordance was obseved betweenA,B,C, andD(Kandall's coefficient of concordance, W = .65,P<.005) and in the interstudy comparison (W = .67,P<.01). Because it is unlikely that defects of varying sizes would have similar intertooth distributions if they did not have similar etiologies, it may be inferred that all of the defects observed, even the very small defects,A, are variants of the same phenomenon, LEH. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study considers changes in the plasma lipid and apoprotein profiles of boys in relation to participation in organized sport activities and to testosterone (T) levels. Fifty boys, aged 9.9 ± 0.6 years (mean ± S.D.), participated in the study. During a 3 year follow‐up, the following measurements were taken twice a year: stature, weight, and skinfolds. Blood samples for lipids and apoproteins and sex hormone levels, and information on participation in sport activities were also obtained. No relationship was found between participation in organized sport activities and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) or apoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I). The changes of the profile over time in more active boys (participation rate>3 hr/wk) were similar to those of less active boys (participation rate<1 hr/wk) (MANOVA, repeated measures, not significant.) Consistent relationships between sex hormones and lipids and apoproteins were restricted to T with total cholesterol (TC), HDL‐C, and apo A‐I, respectively. The common variance ranged from 5.8% (rT,TC) to 18.5% (rT,HDL‐C) (P⩽ 0.05.) When the boys who reached advanced puberty during the follow‐up period (n = 21) were studied apart from those who did not (n =29), differences were found in TC, apo A‐I, and HDL‐C, TC decreased from 4.6 ± 0.65 to 4.3 ± 0.58 mmol/l in the more advanced pubertal boys, and increased from 4.6 ± 0.90 to 4.8 ± 0.79 mmol/l in the others; apo A‐I decreased from 185 ± to 28.3 to 156 ± 20.4 mg/dl and from 179 ± 20.6 to 176 ± 27.7 mg/dl, respectively (MANOVA, repeated measures,P⩽ 0.05) HDL‐C was lower in advanced pubertal boys at the end of follow‐up (1.4 ± 0.33 and 1.7 ± 0.38 mmol/l, respectivel;P⩽ 0.05). The lack of a relationship with regular physical activity may be due to the high levels of HDL‐C and apo A‐I at the begining of the study. On the other hand, the effect of the increasing T levels on HDL‐C and apo A‐I may have overwhelmed the presumed effect of

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe interaction of race and climatic adaptation on patterns of cardiovascular reactivity among young adult males was examined. Malay and Chinese subjects living in a tropical climate in the Orient and Caucasians living in a sub‐tropical climate in North America were investigated. The cold pressor test with hand immersion in cold water was used as the stressor. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cardiac frequency, cardiac output, and stroke volume were measured. The results provided limited evidence for absence of differences in cardiac reactivity among racial groups and for greater vascular reactivity in the Caucasians. Cold immersion also elicited differential responses which could be partially attributed to differences in acclimatizations status. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe possible influence of seasonal variations in rainfall, resource availability, and morbidity on immune function and nutritional status was examined in a longitudinal study of 54 nomadic Turkana children, 6 months to 10 years of age. The highly seasonal nature of rainfall in the arid semidesert environment of the Turkana District, northwestern Kenya, was associated with varying levels of animal milk production and meat and blood consumption. Despite significant seasonal variation in rainfall and food availability, the nutritional status of Turkana children, assessed through various anthropometric indicators, showed only moderate, if any, decline in the dry season. Rather, the data indicated that Turkana Children suffer from chronic mild‐to‐moderate malnutrition. In addition, analyses of cellular immunocompetence of the children, recognized to be a functional index of nutritional status, revealed extremely high levels of immunosuppression Year‐round. Significant monthly variation in the levels of acute respiratory and gastrointestinal infections among children were found, although averages across seasons were not significantly different and did not correspond with fluctuations in rainfall or resources availability. Instead, periodic spikes in the prevalence of morbidity occurred against an already high level of infectious endemicity. The results indicate that food availability is not likely to be the sole determinant of nutritional status and that infection may be an important contribtor to the high levels of nutritional and immunological stress among nomadic Turkana Children. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTrends in age at menarche of 10,563 pregnant Haitian women enrolled in a longitudinal study of maternal mortality are examined. Mean recalled age at menarche for adult women in the sample was 15.37 years. However, there was a clear decline in mean menarcheal ages from the oldest to the youngest women, with a mean rate of decline for adult women of 0.36 years per decade. Mean menarcheal age was higher in each age group of rural women than for women in the metropolitan Port‐au‐Prince area; the rate of decline for adult rural women (0.37 years per decade) was nonsignificantly higher than that for adult metropolitan women (0.30 years per decade). The data suggest a secular decline in age at menarche in Haiti, as well as a continuing disparity between metropolitan and rural women. A declining age at menarche has important implications for fertility and reproductive health in Haiti, and may reflect a gradual improvement in health and nutritional status. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStature, total arm length, and subischial length were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of 387 working (career women) and 460 nonworking women (housewives), 20–75 years of age, from one endogamous group, the Khatris. Statural decrease due to aging was separated from secular effects by using total arm length, which was least affected by aging. The rate of loss in stature due to aging was 0.142 cm/year in the working women and 0.140 cm/year in the nonworking women. Both estimates are significantly different from zero. After adjusting stature for estimated aging effects, the resulting secular estimates were 0.004 cm/year in working women and 0.01 cm/year for nonworking women, both of which do not significantly differ from zero. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070312

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY