ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fact of human evolution is evident in the biological variation caused by the pattern of lines of descent. Theories of human evolution are the explanations of the fertility and mortality differentials that determine patterns of variation at the subspecific level. Migrations also influence the patterns. Because human beings plan migrations and marriages, theories relying solely on selective advantage and gene diffusion do not fully account for the observed patterns. These patterns can be interpreted through time and space as dense thickets of descent lines, often clustered into local fascicles held together by inbreeding. The patterns of descent lines are thus punctuated by births, sometimes ended by extinction of lines, but marked also by rich interconnections of the fascicles by filaments that represent marital migration. The patterns are neither solely of racial isolates nor of simple diffusion, but are the result of the complex sociocultural events that influence genetic demography, a field of study that some of Ed Hunt's work foreshadowed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA growing body of data extends Hunt's earlier findings from Yap to suggest a characteristic Micronesian pattern of highly masculinized secondary sex ratios. Using materials from an extensive family record register for pre–World War II Guam, it is now possible to examine parental age and birth order effects in a Micronesian population in which the overall sex ratio of livebirths to 3,406 formally wed and fertile couples was 109.6. In contrast to the results of most studies among Euroamerican groups, secondary sex ratios on Guam were significantly higher for higher order births and for paternal age at last recorded birth to older couples. This apparent anomaly is resolved, however, and James' hypothesis of human sex ratio determination is supported when universalistic assumptions of declinin coital frequencies with spousal age and marital duration are replaced by more appropriate and population‐specific ethnodemographic information. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe population structure of Fogo Island, Newfoundland is described using geography, religious affiliation, economic factors (such as the presence of a fish‐packing plant), and genetic markers. Five different analytic methods, R‐matrix analysis, riiVS. mean per locus heterozygosity, predicted kinship (ϕ), mean first passage time, and Mantel matrix comparisons, were applied to the Fogo Island genetic and demographic data. The results suggest that geography plays a role on Fogo Island in the distribution of genes, while religion, ethnicity, and economic factors play less significant roles. The communities with fish‐packing plants and tourism serve as migratory “sinks” for Fogo islanders seeking employment. Reproductively, the most isolated village on Fogo Island is Tilting, and this is reflected in its genetic uniqueness, initially caused by Irish settlement and subsequently the action of stochastic processes. © 1995 Wile

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring pregnancy, signs of maternal immunologic sensitization to fetal HLA and other fetoplacental alloantigens are often detectable in peripheral blood. Presumbly, this in part reflects immune activity at the maternal‐fetal interface. This response may involve activation of maternal T cells, which stimulate placental growth via lymphokine production. To shed light on this mechanism, data on placental weight, neonatal anthropometry, gestational age, fetomaternal HLA relationships (reflecting a potential for HLA allosensitization), and serum levels of three immune activation markers in maternal and cord blood were collected in a sample of 61 primiparous women and their neonates. The activation markers were soluble CD8 antigen (sCD8), interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R), and beta‐2 microglobulin (β2m). Mean fetal and maternal sCD8 and β2m levels, and mean fetal sIL‐2R levels were significantly higher than published norms. Fetal means for all three markers exceeded maternal means, and both sIL‐2R and β2m were highly correlated between mother and fetus. This suggests that fetal sIL‐2R and β2m levels result in part from transport or diffusion from the maternal compartment. No associations were found between fetomaternal HLA relationships, activation markers, and placental weight. The difference between the fetal and maternal β2m value was significantly correlated with birth weight, controlling for chest circumference and crown‐heel length. Associations between birth weight and fetomaternal HLA relationships could not be interpreted with certainty. These findings suggest that maternal immune activation and diffusion or transport of β2m into fetal compartment enhances fetal growth in fat‐free body mass.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Japanese population has gone through significant micro‐evolutionary changes during the last half century. One approach to quantify these changes is an osteometric analysis of sexual variation in the skeleton. The present study evaluates sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese cranial dimensions. Comprehensive osteometric data were obtained from 84 modern Japanese skeletons of known sex and age at death from the dissecting room collection at Jikei Medical University, Tokyo. The remains were macerated between 1960 and 1970 and thus are from individuals who lived through World War II. A total of 16 cranial dimensions were subjected to SPSS‐X discriminant function analysis. Using 11 measurements of the cranium, five dimensions were selected by the stepwise discriminant methods, including bigonial breadth. In a second stepwise function using 11 cranial measurements, seven contributed to the function. In both functions, mastoid height was selected first and prediction accuracy averaged 84%. Because of its significant contribution, a function was calculated from mastoid height alone. This produced an average of 74% prediction accuracy. In general, width dimensions better reflected differences between the sexes. The accuracy of correct classification from the Jikei sample was slightly lower than those of earlier Japanese populations. The results of this study also suggested that sexual dimorphism in Japanese crania may have decreased as a result of an increase in size of females. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccurate paleodemographic reconstruction depends in large part on the ability to estimate age at death from the skeleton. Thus, it is important to evaluate the reliability of standards utilized for this assessment. The rib phase technique has proven to be one of the most consistently reliable means of determining age in modern human adults. A recent study also demonstrated that this method can be applied to Neandertals because they exhibit the same pattern of age‐related change. However, the efficacy of the rib phases in aging archaeological populations of anatomically modern humans has not been systematically examined. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine if ribs from the 16th to 18th century Spitalfields cemetery population (with church records of age at death) manifest a morphological aging pattern similar to that found in the recent specimens upon which the rib phase standards are based. Age was assessed on a sample of 87 individuals using only the sternal ends of the ribs without access to the rest of the skeleton or records of age and sex. Results indicated that Spitalfields ribs exhibit essentially the same aging patterns found in the ribs of modern Whites. Overall, the demographic profile generated from the ribs produced a good approximation of this sample in both range and distribution. Error was in the direction of underaging, and results for males were better than for females. The present findings indicate that the rib can be considered a reliable site for age estimation in archaeological populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study focuses on changes in the stature, weight, and age at maximum increments in Chinese urban girls 7–17 years of age between the 1950s and 1985. The data come from anthropometric surbeys in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1985 in 17 Chinese cities. An overall increasing trend is apparent for stature and weight. The average increments are 1.91 cm and 0.57 kg per decade for 7 year olds, 3.43 cm per decade for 11 year olds, 2.11 kg per decade for 13 year olds, and 1.27 cm and 0.73 kg per decade for 17 year olds. Girls in 1985 attained peak growth earlier, by 1.08 years or 0.04 year/decade, than girls in the generation 30 years earlier. Specific comprisons of changes in body size and age at maximum increments during 1950–1960, 1960–1970, and 1970–1985 are also reported, and the results are compared with those of other countries or groups. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSecular changes in mean statures and body weights of nationally representative samples of school children from Taiwan, republic of china, between 1964 and 1988 are described. The trend is for continuous increase in both measures from 1964 through 1988, and the more recent data suggest that the positive secular trend is continuing more so in males than in females. Estimated ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and peak weight velocity (PWV), based on the Preece–Baines model I applied to the cross‐sectional means, decline linearly in both sexes at about 0.04 yr/yr and 0.05 yr/yr, respectively. Chinese children in Taiwan, Republic of China, are, on average, heavier than Chinese children from the People's Republic of china, but differences in mean statures are negligible. Chinese children in Taiwan mature about 0.5 to 0.7 year earlier (estimated ages at PHV) than those in the People's Republic of China. Estimated rates of secular change in stature tend to be slightly greater in chinese children from the People's Republic of China between the 1950s and 1985 than in Chinese children from Taiwan, Republic of China, between 1964 and 1988. In contrast, estimated rates of secular change in body weight are greater in children from Taiwan than in children from the People's Republic of China. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnthropometric data for 4,683 Western Australian secondary school chidren from the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, were compared with figures compiled in 1940 from the same area. In the 44 year period, the average stature of 12‐ to 18‐year‐old males increased by approximately 4% in each 1 year age band and average body mass increased by 15%. Over the same period, girls of similar age showed stature increases with a mean value of 2% for each 1 year age group and average mass increases of 11%. The magnitude of the secular increase declined with age from 12 to 17 years. Standard deviations for the 1940 data were not presented; hence, the statistical significance of any difference between mean values could not be established. The body mass index (BMI) estimates from 1940 were lower at all ages for both sexes than the actual BMI data from 1984. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310070411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY