ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical anthropology changed many of its theoretical premises after World War II under the influence of the synthetic theory of evolution. Earnest Albert Hooton (1887–1954) and Wilton Marion Krogman (1903–1987) were excellent examples of leading workers whose research orientations differed, but whose students were important parts of the new consensus. These theoretical innovations undermined the racial morphological typology which underlay much of Hooton's work on racial history, and radiographs of the sizes of bone, marrow, muscle, and fat in the human brachium undermined his work and researches of other constitutionalists and increased the prestige of alternative work on body composition. Krogman, however, initially worked on the growth of the skull and dentition of the great apes and was a leader in human growth studies all his life. He was the most important writer in the United States on forensic applications of human skeletal biology. Since neither growth studies nor forensic applications depended much on typology, Krogman's publications were generally more modern than Hooton's. In terms of parsimony, Hooton's works can be criticized in terms of his cumbersome typology, but not his ideas on arborealism and the adaptive radiation of the primates. Krogman's interest in roentgenographic cephalometry may have been motivated by a concern for parsimonious explanations of craniofacial growth. Indeed, research in the new physical anthropology can truly be said to stand on the shoulders of these two gia

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing weight as a measure of growth, a comparison is made betweenMacaca nemestrina, the pigtailed macaque, andMacaca mulatta, the rhesus monkey. As these are closely related species, there should be resemblances and differences in the postnatal growth process. The analysis indicates little, if any, difference in growth rate. The data may not be adequate to indicate the average duration of growth. The rhesus, however, does become the larger adult. The methodology used in the analysis was that used for the published pigtailed data. The question is raised as to its appropriateness for the current problem.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFatness and fat patterning were studied in a sample of 502 youth, 12–17 years of age, of high and low socioeconomic status (SES) from the Chandigarh Zone of northwest India. Fatness estimates were based on six skinfolds, while fat patterning was analyzed through the centripetal fat and waist/hip ratios, and through principal components of skinfolds. In all analyses, fat patterns were adjusted for general body fatness. Upper SES subjects were larger and fatter than lower SES subjects of the same age and sex. As expected, females displayed higher fatness levels than males, a more peripheral distribution of body fat, and lower body patterning of trunk fat. Lower SES was associated with a centripetal, rather than a peripheral, fat pattern. After correction for amount of fat, there were no differences between SES groups in the waist/hip ratio, within‐sex. Compared to U.S. youth of a similar age range, Indian subjects displayed higher BMI‐adjusted centripetal fat and waist/hip ratios. Lower SES was associated with reduced body fatness along with a centralized pattern of fat deposition, which could reflect a greater mobilization of peripheral fat to meet the metabolic demands of growth. While there was some suggestion of an ethnic effect in the two ratios, this could not be demonstrated with confi

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationships between anthropometry and physical performance were considered in 439 Black and 386 White children, 6 through 10 years of age. Anthropometric dimensions included weight, statute, sitting height, six skeletal breadths, three limb circumferences, and three skinfolds. Performance variables included four static strength and three motor tasks. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the anthropometric dimensions to four components for each age group (sexes combined) within race. Only two components had eigenvalues greater than 1 in all age and both racial groups. The first two components accounted for 81 to 87% of the variance in anthropometry in Black children and for 79 to 85% of the variance in White children. Path coefficients from sex directly to performance and the products of path coefficients from sex to the first or second principal component to performance were computed for each strength and motor task in each age and race group. With few exceptions, path coefficients from sex directly to performance were negative and suggested an effecct of sex on performance which is independent of anthropometric characteristics.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the late 1970s and early 1980s an attempt was made to reopen the Lindbergh kidnap case. On May 25, 1977 Dr. Krogman x‐rayed and examined the twelve (12) bones associated with the Lindbergh case which were supplied to him by the New Jersey State Police. On June 14, 1982 I made an examination of the same twelve (12) bones and took anthropometric measurements and photographs. I had been asked to look at the material by the lawyer representing Mrs. Hauptmann, widow of the convicted kidnapper, Bruno Hauptmann. Of the twelve (12) bones, ten (10) are human and two (2) are animal. Each bone is identified and a description and anthropometric measurements are given. The bones examined are from the hands and feet and are consistent with the skeletal development of a 20‐month‐old

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the most important paleodemographic and forensic determinations is age at death from the adult skeleton. Techniques now in use vary from direct observation of a bone to microscopic examination of a given segment. Yet since the 1920s, only a few parts of the skeleton have been focused upon for this assessment. It was not until the 1980s that a method from a new site, the sternal end of the rib, was introduced. The rib studies were based on a sample of recent medical examiner's cases including bones from over 300 American Whites and Blacks of both sexes. All specimens came from individuals of documented age, sex and race. The ribs were first separated by sex and race then assigned to one of nine phases (0–8) based on the progression of changes observed at the constochondral junction. These included the formation of a pit, its depth and shape, configuration of the walls and rim surrounding it, and the overall texture and quality of the bone. Statistical analysis indicated that the morphological characteristics defining the phases were age related. There also were significant differences in the rate and pattern of metamorphosis by sex and race. The White male and female phase standards were blind tested and found to be easy to apply with little interobserver error between groups of judges divided by levels of education and experience. A comparison of age assessments from ribs and public symphyses from the same individuals revealed that twice as many ribs as symphyses were correctly phased. As with all skeletal methods there are some concerns with factors such as intraskeletal (in this case intercostal) variation, population specificity, and archaeological perservation. However, the rib phase technique can provide a more consistently accurate estimation of age within a narrower range than most other age assessment methods available toda

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the association between menarcheal age and risk of spontaneous abortion with a data set collected in Limon, Costa Rica. TheLimonensesample differs from those previously reported in terms of age, socioeconomic and ethnic background. Thus, the sample is excellent to test whether menarcheal age and risk of miscarriage are associated in a nonindustrialized group as they appear to be in industrialized samples. Females who experienced one or more miscarriages have a significantly earlier age at first menses than those who did not. The results also indicate that a possible reason for this association is that early maturers tend to experience first pregnancy at an earlier age than do late maturers.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310030612

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY