ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper addresses emerging concepts in the interpretation of anthropometric and dietary data. In the area of anthropometry, it argues the need for conceptualizations and constructs that recognize (1) the existence of a finite age range in which failing to grow is an active process followed by conversion to a state of having failed to grow; (2) the specific and nonspecific nature of anthropometric indices depending upon what is being marked; (3) the implication of secular trends in the interpretation of anthropometry; and (4) the need to move between consideration of individuals and populations. The implications of these for interpretation are illustrated. In the area of interpretation of dietary data, the main issues addressed relate to the conceptualization of needs of individuals and the aggregate needs of a population in the definition, description, and interpretation of “requirements.” In both areas, the core issue is the need for constructs that help address and interpret variability—variability of growth, variability of environmental constraints, variability of intake, and variability of needs and resp

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA bioenergetics model is developed to examine changes in metabolic requirements over the course of human evolution. Data on (1) body size and resting metabolism, (2) brain size and metabolism, (3) activity budgets, and (4) foraging patterns for humans and other anthropoids are used to evaluate ecological correlates of variation in diet and energy expenditure. Analyses of variation in these extant species provide a framework for estimating (1) resting metabolic requirements, (2) brain metabolic needs, and (3) total energy requirements in fossil hominids. Anthropoid primates spend about 8% of resting metabolism to maintain their brains, a significantly larger proportion than in other mammals (3–4%), but still significantly less than 20–25% in humans. Total energy expenditure among anthropoids is positively correlated with day range and dietary quality. Human foragers fit this pattern, having high levels of energy expenditure, large foraging ranges, and a high quality diet. Within the fossil record, it appears that both total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy required by the brain increased substantially with the emergence ofHomo erectus. ForH. erectus, the percentage of resting metabolism used by the brain falls beyond the nonhuman primate range and approaches the modern human range. Additionally, TEE is 35–55% greater than in the australopithecines. The high total metabolic needs and the large proportion of energy required by the brain imply that important dietary changes occurred withH. erectus. These metabolic and dietary changes are linked to (1) the emergence of hunting and gathering, (2) the evolution of the human pattern of prolonged development, and (3) the coexistence and competition with the robust australopithe

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAvailable data on diet and nutritional status of Amerindians living in the tropical rain forests of Amazonia are reviewed and evaluated. The diets of most Amerindians are based on cassava and plantains/bananas, with high‐quality protein coming from fish, game, and invertebrates. Although tropical rain forests are rich in plant species, wild plants do not appear to be very important in the diet. Their use, however, has not received much attention and may be underestimated. The composition of Amerindian diets is known for only a few groups, in whom the dietary intake of households and adults appears to be adequate in energy and protein. However, the high‐bulk, low‐caloric density of the diets means that they are probably not sufficiently concentrated for children. Anthropometric data are available for a number of groups. Adults are small in size, but nutritional status assessed in terms of the BMI is good. Children are small for age, and in some groups more than 10% would be classified as undernourished on the basis of weight‐for‐height and/or clini

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAfrican pastoralists inhabit a variety of environments within tropical arid to semiarid regions. Ecological and cultural factors as well as economic opportunities and constraints influence the amounts and types of foods available. The preferred staple of all pastoral populations is milk from livestock. Pastoral diets are low in energy, but apparently adequate in protein. Growth in children is slow until late adolescence when height approaches the 50th percentile of reference data. Adult pastoralists are correspondingly tall and lean. Maintenance of high human numbers within the economy is a common strategy among a variety of pastoralists. The result is that pastoralists appear to be near the lower threshold of reasonable nutritional status at most times. This occurs despite marked variation in such elements as livestock and human numbers, diet composition, and activity patterns.

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalyses of the economic, political, demographic, and health indicators of South Africa place it within the context of the developing nations of the world. In particular current urbanization and population growth rates will lead to an increase of the Black urban population from 6.5 million in 1985 to over 20 million by the year 2000. Such dramatic social change will place major stress on the health of urban children. Few studies are available, however, that may be used to monitor the growth, and by implication the health, of rural children and thereby act as a baseline for the investigation of the effects of the urban environment. Research since 1985 on the growth and nutritional status of children has concentrated on longitudinal studies of rural children to form a basis for comparison to their urban counterparts. The results of these rural studies demonstrate growth patterns characteristic of children living in developing countries with some degree of variation, particularly with regard to weight and subcutaneous fat, between different rural groups. Rural children have a superior growth status in comparison to “average” urban children but are inferior to “well‐off” urban children. The urban environment thus favors those children with adequate socioeconomic support but may be disadvantageous to children from “average” backgrounds. Interpretation of the effects of the rural environment will be greatly enhanced with information relating to nutritional intake

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData from the recent U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey provide a unique opportunity to assess long‐term changes in body dimensions within the Army population. This report considers secular trends for 22 body dimensions within four racial/cultural groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Individuals were grouped by year of birth into 5 year cohorts, spanning 1911 to 1970. Rates of secular change were calculated by regressing age‐adjusted dimensions against birth year cohort. Results showed that almost all dimensions sustained statistically significant linear trends, the few exceptions occurring in Asian/Pacific Islanders. The greatest rates of change occurred in dimensions related to soft tissues rather than skeletal dimensions. This pattern is consistent with recent American cultural emphasis on health and physical fitness. The causes of the observed trends, insofar as they have been identified, are related to cultural processes. This suggests that biological forces play a diminished role in shaping the patterns of secular change. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to study secular change in groups that are culturally, rather than biologically, defi

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe broad theoretical issue approached in this work is whether supposedly adaptive or maladaptive biological variation has any real impact on people's lives and well‐being. From a poor barrio of a rural lowland Philippine fishing community, a sample of 25 boys and 25 girls who had completed first grade at 8 years was measured. This population may be considered moderately undernourished by NCHS but not Philippine standards. Correlations between anthropometry, school grades, and visual‐motor skills were calculated. Grades, taken here to have both cognitive and social‐behavioral components, correlated best to percentage of median height (NCHS and Philippine), less strongly but still significantly to visual motor skill, and not to weight for height. Visual‐motor skills (estimated by the Beery VMI) did not correlate to anthropometry. Visual‐motor performance, however, is low by U.S. standards, a finding discussed in a behaviora

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe adverse effects of interobserver error on morphometric population comparisons are well documented in the literature. While interobserver error can rarely be avoided, it can be minimized by having a single individual locate and mark relevant landmarks, by limiting the number of observers for each variable, and by reviewing repeated measures data daily to catch and correct measurer drift during data collection. In this study, two pairs of experts participated in interobserver error trials designed to pre‐set observer error limits for use in the quality control of a large scale anthropometric survey. Repeatability data were also collected twice daily in the field and reviewed with the measurers. Interobserver errors obtained in the field were lower than those achieved by the experts for 27 of 30 dimensions. These results suggest that establishment of permissible interobserver error in advance of data collection and frequent review of repeated measurements during data collection can reduce the magnitude of interobserver error below that obtained by experts measuring in a laboratory setting. However, even differences of small magnitude can be serios when they are directional, and 17 of 30 dimensions exhibited statistically significant bias between measurers despite all quality control efforts. The magnitudes of interobserver error observed in this study have proven particularly useful in evaluating the biological relevance of statistically significant differences which are of relatively small magnitud

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBlood lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure (BP) were examined in 74 black and 93 white male NCAA Division I‐A collegiate football athletes. Subjects were involved in resistance training and anaerobic running and all ate at the same training table. All measurements were done in the morning following a 12 hour fast. No significant differences were found in mean systolic (128 mm Hg) or diastolic (77 mm Hg) BPs. Blacks and whites were similar in age, height, weight, V̇O2maxestimated from a 12 minute run test, total serum cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). However, the black athletes had significantly (P<0.01) lower serum triglycerides, total cholesterol to HDL‐C ratio, and higher high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) compared to whites. In a subgroup of 34 subjects, there were no differences in dietary fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, or fiber intake. These data suggest a race‐related difference in some blood lipids‐lipoproteins without a concomitant difference in BP within a group of young adu

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310040211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY