摘要:

AbstractThe effects of paternal heredity, congenital variation, and preweaning nutrition on craniofacial growth were studied on weanling Wistar (W), Holtzman (H), and their reciprocal crosses, W/H and H/W, male rats. Between‐group Mahalanobis D2distances were calculated from the measurements made on lateral and vertical X‐rays. Preweaning nutrition evoked the largest cranial differences, and paternal heredity the lowest; the effect of congenital variation was intermediate between these extremes. It is concluded that “strain” differences actually are the result of the complex interplay among congenital and lactational factors that can modify the genetic effect due to strain. © 1994 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the effect of large changes in dietary sodium on the average ambulatory blood pressure and its variability in 19 patients with uncomplicated borderline hypertension. Each patient participated in a 16‐week protocol that consisted of four 4‐week periods of different sodium intake (medium (120–160 mEq/day) during periods 1 and 3 and low (225 mEq/day) during either period 2 or 4. The 24‐hour urine sodium during the low and high periods averaged 18 and 327 mEq/day, respectively. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was done at the end of the fourth week of the low and high diet periods. During monitoring, pressures were recorded every 15 minutes while awake; in addition, patients kept diaries noting activities, posture, and situation at each measurement. The results show that there was a decline of 16/7 mmHg in the average ambulatory awake systolic and diastolic pressures from the high sodium to low sodium diets. Corresponding casual pressures decreased an average of 15 and 8 mmHg, respectively. In examining the factors associated with ambulatory pressure variability, systolic pressure showed greater variation by activity on a low sodium diet than on the high. The findings suggest that sodium restriction has a variable, but in some cases marked, effect on lowering the ambulatory blood pressure in borderline mildly hypertensive patients and that sodium balance may be important to consider when examining ambulatory blood pressure variability. © 1994 Wiley

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study assessed the predictive accuracy of age‐ and fatness‐specific BIA equations in estimating the fat‐free mass (FFM) of a heterogeneous sample (N = 152) of women, 20–72 years (yr), with 11–57% body fat (BF). The criterion method was hydrostatic weighing (HW) at residual volume. The Siri (Siri [1961] Natl. Acad. Sci., pp. 78–89) two‐component model was used to convert body density into relative body fat (% BF) for calculation of criterion FFWHW. Average FFMHWand predicted FFMBIAdid not differ significantly (P>.05) for the Lohman (Lohman [1981] Hum. Biol. 53:181–225) (20–29 yr), Van Loan and Mayclin (Van Loan and Mayclin [1987]Hum, Biol. 59:299–309) (18–64 yr), Gray (Gray [1989] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:225–260) (19–59% BF), and Segal (Segal et al. [1988]Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47:7–14) (<30% BF and ≥30% BF) equations. The SEE for these equations ranged from 2.11 to 2.65 kg. All other equations (Lohman 30–49 yr and 50–70 yr; Durenberg (Durenberg et al. [1990] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:3–6) 20–40 yr and 60–83 yr) significantly underestimated (P<.05) FFMHWby as much as 5 kg, with the SEEs ranging from 2.12 to 2.82 kg., The prediction error of equations developed specifically for young (Lohman, 20–29 yr) and non‐obese (Segal,<30% BF) women was less than that for older (Van Loan and Mayclin, 18–64 yr) and obese (Segal, ≥30% BF; Gray, 19–59% BF) women. In conclusion, Lohman's equation for older (30–49 yr) women or Durenberg's equations for younger (20–40 yr) and older (60–8

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and adolescent stature in a sample of 1510 White subjects (754 males and 756 females) who were evaluated at birth and at the ages of 15, 16, and 17 years. The subjects were classified into two groups based on birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), corresponding respectively to values below the 10th, and between the 11th and 99th, percentiles of gestational age and sex. Results showed that boys and girls born prematurely (gestational age37 weeks of gestation). In contrast, those born SGA were significantly shorter than their counterparts born AGA. The average reduction in stature was 4.9 cm for males and 2.9 cm for females. When the analysis included adjustments for parental stature (and adolescent's age at menarche for females), the average reduction in stature equaled about 3.5 cm for males and 2.0 cm for females. It is thus concluded that the stature deficit reflects a reduction in growth rate rather than delay in maturation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReliability is a subject of continuing discussion in biomedial specialty areas, including physical anthropology and nutritional epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to explore techniques of detecting differences between two evaluators or methods. A field study in which anthropometric dimensions would be taken by two independent evaluators on each participant in a study group was simulated. A panel of reliability indicators was applied across a broad range of parameters using simulation, and then the panel was applied to field anthropometric data. The panel consisted of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), paired t‐test, a simultaneous test of evaluator means and variances, technical error of measurement, mean absolute difference, and mean difference. The simultaneous test for equal evaluator means and variances uses regression to model paired differences versus paired sums. The simulation demonstrated general properties of the reliability indicators across many conditions of population variance, measurer bias, and measurer error variance. High values of ICC often exist in cases in which the measurers are different. The simultaneous test is thus a powerful method for detecting measurer differences, especially when combined with the paired t‐test. However, a single reliability indicator that is sufficient to determine all measurer inconsistencies was not identified. The field study and the simulation permitted the development of a logical approach to determining the source and magnitude of measurer differences using the panel of reliability indicators. © 1994 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo estimate the time and sequence of emergence of the first 28 permanent teeth in rural Meiteis of Manipur, 440 children 5–14 years of age were examined. Median tooth emergence times were earlier in females than males. The first molar was highly variable in its emergence time in both sexes. With the exception of premolars, mandibular teeth emerged earlier than maxillary teeth. Although no definite pattern was found in bilateral differences, left maxillary teeth and right mandibular teeth emerged slightly earlier in females and males, respectively. There was no clear sex difference in the sequence of permanent tooth emergence. The quiescent period between the first and second phases of tooth emergence was more apparent in the mandible than in the maxilla and occurred between the lateral incisor and first premolar in both jaws and sexes. The Meiteis displayed earlier emergence compared to other populations within India. The findings of this study support earlier reports that socioeconomic conditions do not significantly influence permanent tooth emergence; the chief controlling factor is most likely genetic. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines serum lipid levels (total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among the Evenki reindeer herders of Central Siberia. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels among the Evenki are low, even relative to other indigenous arctic and herding populations. Total and LDL cholesterol levels are higher in women, while HDL and triglyceride levels are comparable between the sexes. Additionally, residence location (i.e., herding brigade vs. central villages) has a significant influence on men's but not women's total and LDL cholesterol levels. Low lipid levels among the Evenki appear to reflect the maintenance of a traditional lifestyle with high levels of energy expenditure and relatively low levels of fat consumption. Sex differences in lipid levels may be partly attributable to differences in activity patterns, as women have significantly lower levels of energy expenditure than men. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines physical growth and nutritional status in a sample of 478 (247 males; 231 females) Evenki herders of Central Siberia. The Evenki display slow growth in stature and body weight, particularly during late childhood and adolescence. Adult males fall below the U.S. 5th percentiles for both stature and body weight. Adult females are below the 5th percentile for stature and approximate the 15th percentile for weight. Despite their diminutive size, the Evenki appear to have adequate energy reserves, as indicated by their skinfold measurements, which range between the U.S. 15th and 50th percentiles. Among adults, women are relatively heavier and fatter than men and tend to increase in weight and fatness with age. Poor growth in the Evenki does not appear to be directly attributable to limited food availability. Rather, it is hypothesized that elevated metabolic requirements, associated with adaptation to a high latitude ecosystem, are responsible for limiting the amount of energy that is allocated to growth. Relatively high levels of adiposity in adult females appear to be the product of changes in activity patterns and fertility levels that resulted after the collectivization of the Evenki. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe role of various socioeconomic, ethnic, and family factors in the development of acute appendicitis (AA) was studied in two generational groups totaling 2,331 individuals. Univariate analyses revealed that ethnicity, residence, family history, and education are associated with AA. However, only two, ethnicity and education, were retained following multiple forward, stepwise logistic regression. Caucasians, in contrast to Mongoloids and Uzbeks and those with high education showed significantly higher probabilities of undergoing an appendectomy. Odds ratios comparing Caucasians to Uzbeks and low education to high education were 1.6 and 0.7, respectively. Results confirm an association of higher AA frequency with higher socioeconomic status but do not explain the ethnic differences in the incidence of AA. Examination of aggregation of AA in 782 families indicates a familial factor in predisposition. Although this analysis suggests that genetic factors contribute significantly to the development of AA, only segregation analysis will allow more definitive conclusions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven body dimensions of 35 Japanese children, 15 boys and 20 girls, were measured longitudinally at six‐monthly intervals from 9 through 15 years of age. Spline curves were fitted to each dimension to obtain age at peak velocity and magnitude of peak velocity for each child. Ages at peak velocity for the seven dimensions were chronologically arranged within each individual, and the arrangement was labeled “sequence.” Kendall's rank order correlation coefficients among average and individual sequences were calculated to determine whether there was a regular order among individuals in ages at peak velocity of the seven dimensions. There were no sex differences in average sequences, but there was considerable variation among individual sequences. © 1994 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310060311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY