ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) is an important metabolic hormone, which stimulates net protein anabolism, lipolysis, and linear bone growth. Pulses of GH secretion arise from interactions of hypothalamic GH‐releasing hormone and somatostatin at the somatotroph cell in the anterior pituitary gland. The frequency and amplitude of GH pulses are regulated by multiple factors including age, geneder, pubertal status, menstrual cycle phase, body composition, sleep, nutrition, and exercise. In diseases such as obesity, type I diabetes mellitus, hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism, Turner's syndrome, uremia, liver failure, and acromegaly the pulsatile secretion of GH and/or its metabolic clearance rate are altered. Deconvolution analysis of serum GH concentrations measured in blood obtained at frequent intervals has made it possible to simultaneously resolve subject‐specific metabolic clearance rates and the number, amplitude, duration, and mass of GH secretory bursts. Such analyses have provided new insights into the mechanisms regulating pulsatile patterns of GH release in human health and disease. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe description of the human growth pattern in limited largely to the traditional vocabulary of “linear growth rates,” i.e., height or length increments divided by certain time intervals such as months or years. These studies have been performed using conventional techniques of body length or stature measurement with a technical error of approximately 1.5 mm. During the last 10 years, measurements of lower leg length (knemometry) have been performed with a significantly lower technical error (0.09–0.16 mm). Repeated determinations of lower leg length at short intervals are now feasible, and evidence indicates that “short term growth” is a phenomenon that includes both length increment and decrement. At measurement intervals of exactly 1 week, growth appears periodic showing marked spurts that alternate with intervals of decreased growth velocity with a peak‐to‐peak distance of 30–55 days (mini growth spurts). These spurts have significant clinical importance and can be used as predictive criteria for successful growth promotion in growth hormone therapy of short stature. Lower leg length measurements at 24‐hour intervals provide evidence for the existence of circaseptan periodicity. © 19

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAssessment of growth deficiency cannot usually be carried out until after 6 months of observation because errors associated with height measurement preclude use of shorter periods. In an effort to shorten this time period, the Knee Height Measuring Device (KHMD), a highly precise and reliable instrument and method for measuring child growth, was compared with height in detecting and clasifying growth in a group of healthy school children, and in a small group of children with Crohn disease known to be experiencing growth failure. Children were measured at 28 day intervals. Measurement error (me) (the standard deviation of the replicates for knee height, and technical error of measurement\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sqrt {\sum {{\rm d}^{\rm 2} {\rm /2n,}}} $$\end{document}for height) was used as the basis for detection and classification of growth. To estimate an error that might be typical in a clinical setting, the mefrom this study was doubled. Then to account for errors associated with both the first and second measurements used to compute growth rates, this value was doubled again. The mefor knee height was 0.33 mm (SD = 0.22), yielding a minimum detectable growth of 1.32 mm, and the mefor height was 2.7 mm, yielding a minimum detectable growth of 10.8 mm. Using 56 day knee height growth (mean 3.77 mm SD 1.43) more than 95% of growth rates for healthy children exceeded the minimum criterion, whereas for 56 day height growth (mean 8.7 mm, SD = 5.3), only about 28% of the growth rates for healthy children were greater than the criterion. Sensitivity and specificity for 56 day growth knee height and height growth were compared for classifying growth rates of the healthy children and children with Crohn disease using the mecriteria. For knee height, a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96% were achieved, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for 56 day height growth were 75% and 30% respectively. Parallel analyses comparing 56 day knee height with 6 month height velocity could not be carried including the children with Crohn disease. However, using the 5th centile from age and sex specific height velocity from Baumgartner et al. [Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:711–722, 1986], the expected number of healthy children in this sample (5.7%) were less than 5th centile. This would yield a specificity for 6 month height growth (94.2%) which is similar to that for 56 day knee height. It is concluded that measurement of knee height over 56 days may potentially be useful in shortening the time for clinical detection of growth deficiency. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHuman growth has been described qualitatively by several different mathematical formulations that have concentrated on the form of the central tendency and have largely neglected analysis of any short duration components of the experimental observations. The present work presents a mathematical model of human growth that aims to describe both the fluctuations of short duration as well as the central tendency as a series of discrete growth episodes. This Saltatory Model of growth provides a better quantitative description of human growth than the more traditional models and suggests that human growth is not a smooth continuous process, but is a series of intermittent, nonperiodic saltations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAuxological measurements were taken weekly (n = 10), semi‐weekly (n = 20), and daily (n = 3) during the first 21 months of life on a sample of normal infants (21 females and 12 males). The serial length measurements are reported. All subjects grew in length during episodic growth saltuses of short duration, with amplitudes of 0.5–2.0 cm during measurements intervals (1 day to 1 week), separated by periods of no measurable growth (2 days to 2 months). The periods of stasis between growth episodes are not positively associated with illness (P= 0.000). These data support the hypothesis that normal human growth during the first 2 years proceeds by pulsatile growth saltuses of substantial amplitude and rapid duration punctuating static intervals. Individual variability in the amplitude and frequency of growth saltuses may account for variation in attained length and growth velocity. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProfiles of usual physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, motor performance, and growth were measured regularly for 2 years in 40 rural Senegalese (Wolof) children—20 boys and 20 girls—who were 10 or 11 years of age and clinically healthy at the beginning of the study. Compared to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference data, the children showed lower weight‐for‐age and height‐for‐age throughout the period of observation; the increments of height from year to year were not remarkable and growth spurts were not observed during the study period. The motor performance (running, jumping, throwing) and spirometer test results were inferior to age‐matched American children. When adjusted for actual weight and height, jumping and throwing results were similar to those of American children, but running results remained inferior. Cardiorespiratory function appeared inferior to American children of the same age, although speed of recovery after exertion demonstrated good cardiorespiratory efficiency. Physical activity, directly observed over 2‐day periods on 4 occasions, corresponded to an average energy expenditure of 1.66 Mets (multiples of basal metabolic rate) (boys) and 1.76 Mets (girls), which are close to the FAO/WHO/UNU values for age. The higher energy expenditure of girls could be explained by their participation in domestic tasks. Both boys and girls spent an average of 42 minutes/day on activities equivalent to energy consumption rates equal or greater than 4.8 Mets. Significant correlations existed between the activity index and cardiorespiratory fitness in boys, and between the activity index and motor performances in girls. Physical aptitudes of sampled children appear compatible with the demands of their social and agricultural tasks. However, it appears that persistent malnutrition may have stunted their growth and motor performances. © 1993

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Roche‐Wainer‐Thissen (RWT) prediction model, developed in 1975, predicts the adult stature of a child based on age, current stature, current weight, current skeletal age, and the average stature of the parents. Generally, the method has worked well; however, there are certain steps in the procedure that can be improved. Seven variations of the current version of the RWT prediction model are investigated and compared in terms of the accuracy and reliability of prediction, culminating in a recommendation for the prediction of adult stature in Caucasian Americans. The recommended method, called multivariate cubic spline smoothing [MCS2(1)], uses cubic splines in the smoothing part of the RWT prediction model, resulting in a simpler (i.e., fewer steps) method with smaller maximum deviations between predicted and actual adult statures than the current multivariate semi‐metric smoothing (MS2) method. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough many studies of the permanent dentition have been published, there are still relatively few reports relating to variability within the deciduous dentition. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of crown size variability in the deciduous dentition of South Australian children. Dental impressions were obtained of 160 children, 3–6 years of age, and stone models constructed. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were recorded from the dental models using a computerized data acquisition system. Several aspects of deciduous tooth size were studied, including variation within and between dental arches, sexual dimorphism, and correlations within and between crown diameters. Principal components analysis was used to summarize the inter‐correlated tooth size data and to facilitate the biological interpretation of common variability. The magnitude and pattern of mean values for deciduous tooth size were similar in South Australian children to published data for other Caucasian populations. Although mean values for tooth size were generally larger in boys than in girls, sexual dimorphism in deciduous tooth size was low. Correlation analyses indicated low to moderate associations for size between teeth in the same arch, with highest values between the molars. In both sexes there was a tendency for correlations between buccolingual dimensions to exceed those between mesiodistal dimensions. Although distinct morphogenetic fields have not been defined in the deciduous dentition, there appeared to be a gradient of decreasing size variability from anterior to posterior, with the second deciduous molar being particularly stable. The observed pattern of phenotypic variation appeared to be directly related to the relative length of the developmental period that tooth crowns spent in the soft tissue stage prior to calcification. Multivariate analyses confirmed some overall coordination for crown size of deciduous teeth, but also highlighted specific size patterning related to incisor, canine, and molar regions. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAllele and genotype frequencies for the D1S80 (MCT118) locus have been determined in a population sample from Barcelona (Spain) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nonradioactive detection. In a total of 216 unrelated individuals, 24 alleles (23 common and 1 rare variant) and 67 genotypes (64 common and 3 variants) were observed. The 216 individuals came from 162 blood samples taken for paternity studies, 16 bloodstains from forensic cases, and 38 root hairs from normal individuals. The D1S80 locus demonstrated a heterozygosity of 0.7916, and a power of discrimination of 0.9731. The distribution of genotypes is in agreement with expected values according to the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Additionally, the population from Barcelona differs, significantly, from the Finnish population and also, but with lower differences, from a U.S.A. Caucasian population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1042-0533    

DOI:10.1002/ajhb.1310050611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY