摘要:

The ethnic strife that persists in Somalia, the Balkans, Iraq, and elsewhere, highlights the need for a revised doctrine of international humanitarian intervention. The new precept would replace the present ad hoc approach with one more fully articulated, to include employment of military force in those situations that cannot be resolved by less drastic sanctions, and the recognition by the international community of a responsibility to use it. In the absence of such intervention, where massive human rights abuses occur the United Nations‐based international system fails in its purpose to advance human rights for the peoples of the world. The international community would be required to confront and resolve the collision that can occur between the doctrines of state sovereignty and human rights in international law. The former often permits a state to vitiate the latter. One approach would recast international legal principles so that the international community itself would become the guardian of human rights around the world. It is proposed that the international system develop a Commonwealth of Humanity doctrine, modeled after the traditional principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind The United Nations could be reorganized, with a Human Rights Council equal to that of the Security Council. The new organ would monitor human rights and report violations to the Security Council for the appropriate enforcemen

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Protracted social conflicts rooted in the denial of the basic needs of identity groups are highly resistant to de‐escalation. The difficulty of following peacekeeping with successful peacemaking calls for the fuller development of peacebuilding, defined as interactive and developmental activities to improve the relationship and address basic needs. A contingency model of third‐party intervention provides a context for peacebuilding in which approaches to peace are coordinated and sequenced for maximal effect. The Cyprus dispute illustrates the potential role that peacebuilding could play in resolving intractable confli

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00177.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Exponents of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi and Richard B. Gregg insisted that nonresisting suffering in a given cause would “melt the heart” of an opponent and lead to their conversion. The psychological literature and a major example of when such conversion should have been achievedndashthe nonviolent “raids” on the salt works at Dharasana by Gandhi's followers during the 1930 Salt Satyagrahandashdo not support this hypothesis. In fact, suffering often elicits greater acts of repression and violence. Nevertheless, a form of conversion, far less direct or immediate than that suggested by the original theory, does seem t

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00178.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Middle East peace process started in Madrid at the end of October 1991. It offers an interesting, and in part innovative, method of combining multilateral (conference) diplomacy and bilateral negotiations. This article first analyzes some of the typical elements of conference diplomacy, for example, the role of various actors, factors influencing conference diplomacy such as the media, culture, the confidence factor. It then summarizes several facilitating devices, such as fact‐finding, position‐papers, the package deal, the single negotiating text, logistical mediation and the use of “back channels.” After summarizing past efforts toward mediation in the Middle East conflict, the article examines how each of the factors and facilitating devices related to conference diplomacy is being applied in the current Madrid peace process. Some innovative features, such as letters of assurances sent by the United States to various participants, are reviewed. Finally, the role of several states or entities, such as the United Nations and the European Community, and the prospects for new institutional arrangements are con

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00179.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Challenges of Famine Relief: Emergency Operations in the Sudan, by Francis M. Deng and Larry MinearNonviolence Speaks to Power: Petra K. Kelly, edited by Glenn D. Paige and Sarah Gilliat

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00180.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0149-0508    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1993.tb00181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY