摘要:

AbstractFoliar‐applied [14]cymoxanil, 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyimino‐[2‐14C]acetyl)‐3‐ethylurea was rapidly metabolised in grapes, tomatoes and potatoes, Furthermore, the metabolism of this fungicide was unusual in that the metabolites were found to be naturally occurring compounds, with glycine as the major metabolite. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in other amino‐acids, sugars, starch, fatty acids and lignin, indicating incorporation of carbon‐14 via the vario

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEach of the combinations, bioresmethrin (1 mg kg−1) plus pirimiphos‐methyl(6 mg kg−1) or fenitrothion (12 mg kg−1), was applied in 1976 to grain in 21 commercial storages. Grain condition and protectant residues were regularly monitored. Three storages became infested withRhizopertha dominica(F.), but all storages remained free of other insect species. In two of the three infested storages, application of protectant was uneven, and the third became infested only after 8 months of storage. Despite some variations in recovered residues between sites, the mean residue levels were accurately described by predictive models. Falls in temperature during storage varied considerably, and were related to factors other than climate and bin size. There was a marked effect by aeration with ambient cold air on both the grain temperature and the rate of loss of residues. Results of collaborative studies on the determination of residues indicate a need for regular check programmes of analysis, and confirm previous conclusions that residues of fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl can be accurately and conventionally d

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBlackcurrants, treated with 0.1 kg of 2,4,5‐T ha−1(as esters of mixed C4–C6alcohols; ‘Tormona 80’), contained 0.1 mg of 2,4,5‐T residues kg−1in the berries at ripeness 29 days after treatment. Total residues in the berries were not reduced during growth and ripening, although the residue concentrations declined in the same period due to growth dilution. In spinach leaves from old plants, treated with 0.1 kg ha−1, 0.05 mg of 2,4,5‐T kg−1was found 14 days after treatment. Fodder peas showed no residues (<0.002 mg kg−1) at harvest 62 days after treatment with 2,4,5‐T esters. After application of 0.1 kg ha−1on potato plants, the disappearance of 2,4,5‐T was rapid during the first month, but residues were translocated into the tubers and reached a constant level of 0.02 mg kg−1after 1 month until harvest at 108 days after treatment. In all crops, visible effects were observed after treatment with 0.1 kg ha−1. After the application at 0.01 kg ha−1, phytotoxic effects were observed only in blackcurrants, but negligible residues

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMetabolism in mice of the separatedcis‐ andtrans‐isomers of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (NRDC 149), (RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1RS)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, was investigated in each case with preparations that were14C‐labelled in the benzyl and cyclopropyl moieties. Radioactivity from thetrans‐isomer was mainly excreted in the urine and that from thecis‐isomer in the faeces. Elimination of both isomers was rapid except for a small portion (approximately 2%) of thecis‐isomer which was released from the fat with a half‐life of approximately 13 days. Metabolism of cypermethrin occurred mainly by ester cleavage and elimination of thecis‐ andtrans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐ cyclopropanecarboxylic acid moieties as glucuronide conjugates. The α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol released by ester cleavage was mainly converted to 3‐phenoxy‐benzoic acid which was partly eliminated unchanged, partly conjugated with aminoacids (mainly taurine) and glucuronic acid, and partly oxidised to 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid which was excreted as the sulphate conjugate. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage were formed by hydroxylation at various sites in the molecule with

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin has been studied in rats using three forms of14C‐labelling (benzyl‐, cyclopropyl‐ and cyano‐) and separatecis‐ andtrans‐ isomers. The proportion of the dose absorbed from the intestines (50–70% at 2–3 mg kg−1) is rapidly metabolised and eliminated. The major reaction is cleavage of the ester bond to afford the constituentcis‐ andtrans‐ acids which are conjugated with glucuronic acid and eliminated in the urine. The 3‐phenoxybenzyl portion of the molecule is probably released as the α‐hydroxynitrile, which is converted via the aldehyde into 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid. This compound is then largely hydroxylated and eliminated as a sulphate conjugate. The cyanide ion is metabolised via predictable routes, for instance, as thiocyanate. Cypermethrin is hydroxylated to some extent before hydrolysis. Most of this hydroxylation occurs at the methyl grouptransto the cyclopropane carboxyl group, and at the 4‐position of the phenoxy group.cis‐ Cypermethrin is slightly

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPermethrin, cypermethrin, and resmethrin were tested under field conditions as repellents to protect cattle from black flies (Simuliumspp.). The chemicals were applied topically to the entire body surface of steers. Ethanolic solutions of technical permethrin, at doses of 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1of body weight, effectively repelled black flies by preventing at least 70% of the flies present from taking a blood meal for up to 8 days, and for at least 11 days at a dose of 12 mg a. i. kg−1. Aqueous mixtures of a 20% permethrin emulsifiable concentrate (e. c.), at doses of 1, 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1, effectivelyrepelled black flies for 2, 10 and 11 days, respectively. Aready‐to‐use 5% permethrin dust, at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg a. i. kg−1, effectively repelled black flies for 4, 5 and 8 days, respectively. Ethanolic solutions of technical cypermethrin, at doses of 1 and 2 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for 3 and 4 days, respectively. Aqueous mixtures of a 40% cypermethrin e. c., at doses of 2 and 4 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for at least 5 days. Ethanolic solutions of technical resmethrin, at doses of 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for 1 and 2 d

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe bioconcentration factors (BCF) for 15 pesticides by a freshwater fish (topmouth gudgeon) were measured under continuous flow conditions in water containing 5 to 20 μg litre−1of each pesticide at the equilibrium condition. A significant correlation was found between the BCF by the fish and the water solubility of the pesticide or its partition coefficient (PC) between octan‐1‐01 and water. Moreover, a significant correlation was also found between the BCF by topmouth gudgeon and the acute toxicities to carp, rainbow trout and water flea. It would therefore appear that the bioconcentration potential of a pesticide by a fish may be predicted from knowledge of its solubility or PC, and that the acute toxicity of a pesticide to a fish may be predicted from knowledge of t

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe inhibition of the growth ofRhizoctohia solani in vitroby carbendazim was maximal at 20°C and at pH 8. In pot tests using mung bean, maximum protection against ‘damping‐off’, caused byR. solani, was obtained when seeds were treated with carbendazim. at 1 g a. i. kg−1(as a wettable powder) and sown in river sands of pH 7 and 8, kept at a 20°C. Better disease control was obtained in soils kept moist by frequent watering than in soils under water stress. Disease control was best in sandy soil and least in clay loam. The implications of these results, for the antifungal efficacy of carbendazim under diverse soil conditions, are

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ratio of the two diastereomeric forms of triadimenol, produced by the reduction of triadimefon in various fungi, was studied. The reduction of triadimefon in fungi seems to be a concentration‐dependent process, the virtual irreversibility of which is proved. Not only the degree of triadimefon reduction, but also the ratio of the triadimenol diastereomers produced, was characteristic for each of the fungal species. A direct correlation, between the production of the more active diastereomeric form and the sensitivity of the fungal species to triadimefon, was observe

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLow doses of deltamethrin cause prolonged knockdown of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans morsitans.Fifty per cent of female flies, treated with the LD15‐(48 h) of deltamethrin, failed to regain their capacity for normal flight for 30 h, compared with 6 h for bioresmethrin and 4 h for permethtin at the equivalent dose. Recovery after exposure to tetramethrin occurred within 1 h. The knockdown effect of deltamethrin on males was even more pronounced although, with both sexes, the onset of the effect was delayed for about 3 h. It is suggested that this prolonged knockdown effect of deltamethrin, at extremely low application rates, may make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of the compound against the tsetse fl

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780120411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY