摘要:

AbstractEarthworm populations in apple orchard plots sprayed with benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl were greatly reduced.Lumbricus terrestris, a surface‐feeding species, was not found in the treated plots. Captive worms would not feed on leaf material with spray deposits of benomyl, MBC and thiophanate‐methyl at 1.75 μg/cm2, and feeding was significantly reduced when deposits were 0.87 μg/cm2. There was 100 % kill of worms in pots of soil within 14 days following a benomyl drench at the rate of 7.75 kg/ha, and a 60 % kill following a drench at the rate of 1.55 kg/ha. Worms immersed for 1 min in benomyl suspensions of 0.05 or 0.5 % died within 27 and 13 days respectively; those immersed in lower concentrations would not feed for 2 weeks but eventually did so. It is suggested that the lethal effects of benomyl may be due to anti‐cholinesterase activity of the carbamate moiety of the

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndividual factors of resistance to insecticides attributable to chromosomes II, III andVof the SKA strain of houseflies (Musca domesticaL) were combined in pairs to determine how their presence affects resistance. The re‐synthesised strains with resistance factors on chromosomes II and V, and on chromosomes III and V, were tested with several organophosphorus insecticides and DDT. The penetration delaying mechanismPenon chromosome III, which alone gives little or no resistance, slightly increased the resistance of flies with the microsomal detoxifying factorSeson chromosome V to diazinon and malaoxon‐ethyl (c. × 1.5), but was more effective in increasing resistance to DDT (× 6). There was no effect on the response to other insecticides tested. The combined effect of the mechanisms of resistance on chromosome II (glutathioneS‐ethyl transferase and phosphatase) and on chromosome V (microsomal detoxication) approximated to the product of the resistance conferred by each of these mechanisms singly, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance on the two chromosomes act independently. Therefore, most of the strong resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the SKA strain results from the interaction between delayed penetration (chromosome III) and the factors of resistance on chromosome II, and the independent action of the resistance factors on chromosomes I

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe breakdown of bromoxynil octanoate in 5 different soil types has been studied in a soil perfusion apparatus using herbicide labelled with14C either in the cyano group or in the aromatic ring. Even when applied at rates equivalent to 5 to 25 times those used commercially, the herbicide was fairly rapidly and extensively degraded at 15°. After 12 to 13 weeks, up to 80% of the radioactivity in the14CN group and up to 63 % of the14C in the ring were liberated as carbon dioxide. A small proportion (16 to 19%) of the radioactivity from ring‐labelled herbicide remained attached to the soil, probably not as the original herbicide, but in a form not readily leached. Only trace quantities of 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxy‐benzamide (0.5%) and 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (0.1%) were detectable during these

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEleven 2‐n‐alkyl‐, ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐ and ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐2,3‐epoxy‐3‐hydro‐1,4‐naphthoquinones, together with eighteen 1,4‐naphthohydroquinone esters were tested as protectant fungicides against the apple and cucumber powdery mildews (caused byPodosphaera leucotrichaandSphaerotheca fuliginearespectively). In.general the former pathogen was more susceptible to compounds from all four series, the lowest 105ED50(M) being 0.7 for 2‐n‐octyl

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChanges in the relative sizes of the carboxylic absorption bands in the infrared spectra (near 1730 and 1610 cm−1) of adsorbents before and after treatment with paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium dichloride) showed that ion exchange is the predominant mechanism for adsorption of the bipyridyl by H+‐ ion saturated preparations of a humic acid from an organic soil, by two hydroquinone polymers and by two carboxylic ion‐exchange resins. Attempts to relate the extents of saturation (with adsorbate) of the exchange sites with the optical densities of the infrared bands were unsuccessful because of deviations from Beer's Law. Ultraviolet spectroscopy failed to provide evidence for charge transfer mechanisms in paraquat‐humic acid complexes i

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFoods, representing an average Canadian diet, were cooked, grouped by type of product and made into composites which were then analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level and would contribute approx. 22 μg total pesticide residues and 25 μg arsenic/person/da

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractN‐Benzoyl‐N'‐(3‐methylpyrid‐2‐yl)thiourea has been shown to inhibit the elongation of linseed roots grown on nutrient agar, 50% inhibition being observed at a concentration of 0.18 μ. Similar effects were observed at higher concentrations on lettuce, ryegrass, cress, tomatoes and mustard. The effects were qualitatively similar to those caused by trifluralin. A structure‐activity study of analogues of this pyridyl thiourea indicates that structural requirements for this biological activity are extremely specific. In soil tests, this compound exhibits pre‐emergent herbicidal activity with a spectrum of selectivity different from tha

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe structure of 9‐hydroxy HEOD was examined by spectroscopic methods and by photolysis. The hydroxyl group was found to be hydrogen bonded to the epoxy group, and the product of photolysis was a hydroxylated analogue of the previously described photoisomer of HEO

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fate of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate in wheat plants has been studied. Using wheat grown in hydroponic culture and applying the compounds via the culture solution, it has been shown that both compounds are rapidly hydrolysed within the plants. Only one of the resulting hydrolysis products, cyclohexyl hydrogen methylphosphonate, was degraded further to methylphosphonic acid: no further degradation of isopropyl hydrogen methylphosphonate was observed. The effects of the nature of theO‐alkyl group on the degradation ofO‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants are discussed brie

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe main processes which affect herbicide action in soil are considered to be the extent to which the herbicide is adsorbed by soil particles, the rate of absorption of the herbicide solution by plant roots and the rate at which the herbicide is lost from the soil by decomposition, evaporation or leaching. An attempt is made to show how these factors are interrelated and the possible use of mathematical models to optimise the performance of herbicides is briefly discussed.

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780040211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY