摘要:

AbstractA simple and rapid procedure is described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites of malathion and other insecticides. The omission of an extraction at low pH, and mild conditions of anion‐exchange chromatography on QAE‐Sephadex prevent the degradation of a malathion metabolite,S‐(1‐carboxy‐2‐ethoxycarbonyl)‐ethylO,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate (malaoxon α‐carboxylic acid), which takes place under strongly acid conditions. Disadvantages of the commonly used fractionation of malathion and malaoxon metabolites based on partitio

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAttempts to find suitable quick‐acting toxic sprays, for the control ofAnoplolepis longipes(Jerd.) in buildings, involved investigations of the toxicity and weathering properties of several insecticide formulations. Their mammalian toxicity was also considered and, particularly for indoor applications, their odour and non‐staining properties. Bendiocarb, gamma‐HCH and chlorpyrifos were particularly effective, killing ants rapidly after minimal contact with spray deposits, but gamma‐HCH and chlorpyrifos weathered better than bendiocarb and were therefore more suitable for outdoor appli

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe application of a granular formulation of sodium azide (Smite 8G), to pine nursery beds at rates of 0, 22.4, 67.2 and 134.5 kg active ingredient ha−1under water seal or plastic seal, was compared over a 1‐year period with methyl bromide, applied at a rate of 650 kg ha−1, to determine the effects of soil bacterial populations, soil enzymic activities, development of mycorrhizal roots, weed population and incidence of root diseases. Bacterial populations at 24 days after treatment had increased in proportion to the amount of sodium azide added; however, highest numbers of bacteria were recorded from the methyl bromide‐treated plot. At the last sampling date no significant differences were observed in bacterial populations among treatments. Neither sodium azide nor methyl bromide caused permanent changes in soil enzymic activities or adversely affected mycorrhizal root development on pine seedlings. Sodium azide at 134.5 kg ha−1and methyl bromide both significantly decreased the number ofCyperusspp. plants in plots; however, the number of pine seedlings exhibiting a root disease was highest in plots receiving these t

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of four photosynthetic inhibitor herbicides, bromacil, ioxynil, metribuzin and monuron, on chloroplast electron transport was investigated. All four compounds completely inhibited electron flow with tripotassium hexacyanoferrate as oxidant, but the inhibition caused by bromacil, metribuzin and monuron was almost totally reversed by trypsin treatment. With ioxynil, only a partial degree of reversability was shown. With a molybdosilicate as oxidant, electron transport was not completely inhibited by any of the herbicides. Whereas the partial inhibition was reversed by tryptic digestion in the presence of bromacil, metribuzin and monuron, there was virtually no reversal in the presence of ioxynil. The results suggest a common site of action for all four herbicides and an additional site for ioxynil nearer to photosystem II.

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe efficacy of warfarin alone or with various additives was tested against roof rats (Rattus rattus). Warfarin alone at 50 mg kg−1of bait killed 37% of the roof rats where‐as the additives,L‐histidine (40 mg kg−1of bait), activated‐clay, charcoal and carbon (10 g kg−1of bait), tested individually, produced no mortality. However, when warfarin wascombined with each of these additives in turn, only theL‐histidine combination resulted in 100% mortality while the other combinations killed 88, 75 and 63% of the test rats respectively. Further trials of paired comparison tests were carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy of the warfarin/L‐histidine combination under different environmental conditions. All the rats succumbed to this combination in both cage and rattery conditions when there was no alternative food. Mortality decreased to 60% in cage and 70% in rattery when alternative food was provided alongside the poison bait. Rats tended to die more quickly with theL‐histidine combination than with warfarin alone. Field trials also confirmed that this combination was effective in reducing roof rat infestations as shown by the yield of corpses, the post‐poison bait intake and post‐ope

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA synthesis ofO,O‐dialkyl,O‐alkylO‐2‐chloroethyl (orO‐2‐ethoxyethyl)O‐(1,5‐disubstituted‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioates is described. Infrared, Raman and ultraviolet spectra of the compounds prepared are interpreted. The wave‐numbers of thev(CC) bands were correlated with substituent constants. Good linear correlations ofv(CO) with σ, σF, σIand σRwere observed for compounds containing various substituents in the neighbourhood of the keto group of the pyridazinone ring. The insecticidal, acaricidal and ovicidal activities ofO‐(ethyl or isopropyl),O‐(alkyl, 2‐chloroethyl, or 2‐ethoxyethyl)O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐ pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioates,O‐ethylO‐isopropylO‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐substituted‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioates andO‐ethylO‐isopropylO‐(1‐methyl‐5‐substitutedd‐oxo‐1H‐p

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mechanisms of action againstBotrytis cinereaof the dicarboximide fungicides vinclozolin (I), procyrnidone (II), iprodione (III) and the less closely related compound prochloraza (IV) have been compared. They all inhibited mycelial growth much more than spore germination. None of the compounds affected respiration, membrane permeability or RNA production butIIIinhibited DNA synthesis andIVinhibited protein synthesis. Although chitin biosynthesis was inhibited by all the fungicides it was barely affected at the ED50concentrations (the concentration required to reduce the growth or germination of the test species by 50%) and is thus unlikely to be the primary target. The fungicides altered fungal lipid composition.IandIIinhibited triglyceride production butIIIhad no effect on it;IIIandIVreduced sterol biosynthesis. No common primary mode of action was found.

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA survey of 2000 farms in south‐west Scotland revealed that 3.5% of the cereal area had been treated with pesticides for the control of leatherjackets (Tipulaspp.) in 1975. A small area of recently established grass and some turnip fields were also treated. DDT and gamma‐HCH were the most commonly used compounds with an estimated use respectively of 1863 and 376 kg of active ingredient. Pesticide usage in 1975 appeared to have been consistent with the generally low leatherjacket population in that y

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMost factors inHeliothiscontrol on cotton are crucially related to time but all are interrelated one with another and form two complex interactions hinging on the pest life cycle. One is the crop‐pest interaction and the other the control strategy. This paper reviews most of the factors and reports work carried out in Swaziland to elucidate some of them. In the crop‐pest interaction the timing of the initial attack and a cue for spraying can be indicated by development of an alternate host and, in Swaziland, by reference to the average date of maize tassellation. Later infestations are measured by scouting and a comparison is made of the two main systems, the first based on a small part of many plants and used in the USA, and the second based on the whole of a few plants in Africa. Their respective purposes are discussed and economic spray thresholds based on them are presented. The compensatory ability of the plant diminishes as the season progresses but in Swaziland manual bud/flower removal experiments over 3 years on raingrown and irrigated cotton showed that prior to 12 January (9‐12 weeks from planting) removal increased the yield in half the cases whilst later removal could cause a decrease. The naturalHeliothisinfestation was allowed to remove fruits in an experiment by leaving spray gaps and the results confirmed those of the previous manual experiments except that damage continued for about 2 weeks after spraying restarted. This advanced the critical date to 31 December but up to three sprays could be saved without loss of yield and possibly with a yield bonus. In the control strategy the different stages of the life cycle are considered as targets but the most obvious is normally the first instar larvae. Rapid plant growth can dictate frequent spray applications regardless of deposit persistence which may need to be longer when using aircraft in spite ofHeliothisoviposition occurring predominantly on exposed surfaces. Temperature‐independent or fumigant insecticides or those affecting the adult may best be sprayed in the evening when cooler and calmer post‐treatment conditions occur and adults are starti

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780100311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY