摘要:

AbstractThe strategy and tactics behind the discovery of salbutamol (treatment of asthma), β‐blockers (anti‐hypertensives), clavulanic acid (used in antibacterial preparations), buprenorphine (pain‐killer), cimetidine and ranitidine (anti‐ulcer agents) are described

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSymbiotic micro‐organisms isolated from insects have been shown to be a potential new source for antimicrobial substances. Diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin were produced by a bacterial symbiont of the white‐backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. Diacetylphloroglucinol was also produced by a fungal ectosymbiont of an ambrosia beetle, Scolytoplatypus mikado. A peptide antibiotic, polymyxin E1, was isolated from the cultured broth of an intracellular symbiont identified as Bacillus polymyxa, isolated from an oriental stinkbug, Plautia stali. An Enterobacter sp. bacterial symbiont of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, produced a novel antibacterial substance, andrimid, whose antibacterial spectrum is unique, displaying potent activity only against the bacterial blight pathogen of the rice plant, Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae, and a few other bacte

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUse of a strain of Bacillus subtilis (designated B‐3) as a biological control agent is reviewed, with emphasis on the post‐harvest application to stone fruit for control of brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola. Included are studies on the antifungal peptides (identified as Iturin antibiotics) produced by B‐3, laboratory tests to determine compatibility of the organism with current commercial procedures, and a pilot test on simulated and commercial peach‐packing lines. In the pilot test, B‐3 (2 × 108to 7 × 108colony‐forming units kg−1fruit) in commercial wax was equal to benomyl (1‐2 mg kg−1fruit) in controlling brown rot. The bacterium was screened for use against other fungal pathogens of stored plant products. In‐vivo activity against fungi was shown for apple rots caused by M. fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, and Glomerella cingulata, and for grey mould of grapes

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA search for micro‐organisms associated in high numbers with roots or leaves of corn, grapevine, chicory, soybean, sunflower, barley and sugarbeet yielded a collection of over 10 000 bacterial strains. Within this collection, antifungal strains have been selected, using direct or indirect in‐vitro assays against one target fungus per crop. The target fungi were selected based on their agronomic relevance as pests.Isolates with antifungal activity were tested for their spectrum of activity against a set of phytopathogenic fungi. In 15 bacterial strains with broad‐spectrum activity, belonging to the species Erwinia herbicola. Serratia plymuthica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aureofaciens, P. cepacia and Bacillus subtilis, the active compounds have been identified. Bacterial strains belonging to the same taxon, but isolated from different ecological niches and/or different places in Europe, produce identical compounds. In two bacterial taxa (Erwinia and Serratia) this was reflected in a genetic conservation of the regions coding for antifungal activity. In both cases, the biosynthetic pathways proved to be genetically complex.All of the compounds identified in this study have been described previously in bacterial strains isolated from analogous or completely different ecosy

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn many cases, the mode of action of micro‐organisms with biological control activity has been found to be the production of metabolites with biocidal activity. Thus, such organisms offer great potential as a source of novel lead compounds for agrochemical and pharmaceutical product development. A range of biological control agents is being developed and out of this research has come several natural products which have been considered for further development. Two examples discussed in some detail are a novel pyridone with fungicidal activity produced by Trichoderma harzianum and a novel metabolite of Bacillus subtilis which has a high level of broad‐spectrum fungicidal activ

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOver the 400 million or so years of their co‐evolution, plants have evolved some highly effective strategies to combat herbivorous insects. Amongst these natural defence mechanisms are some which depend on a primary gene product for effect. These are currently suitable for producing insect‐resistant, transgenic crop plants by genetic engineering. One such mechanism involves the protease inhibitors from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), which are anti‐metabolic to a wide range of insects. Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) genes have been cloned and transferred to tobacco plants. Those transgenic tobacco plants which express physiological levels of CpTI have enhanced resistance to a wide range of insect pests. The insecticidal characteristics of these plants compare favourably with those of transgenic plants expressing the B. thuringiensis endotoxin gene. Some possible advantages of, and prospects for, using plant‐derived ‘insect‐resistance’ genes in this way

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong the viruses that are pathogenic for insect species, baculoviruses have been shown to be useful as insecticides for pest control. In some cases they have been used as cost‐effective and environmentally acceptable alternatives to chemical insecticides. However, because viruses need to be ingested and replicate extensively in their host before they kill it, baculovirus insecticides are much slower than chemicals or other reagents that kill insects either on contact or shortly after ingestion. The objective of the programme of genetic engineering of baculovirus insecticides is to improve their speed of action while maintaining their host specificity and other attributes that make them desirable alternatives to chemical pesticides.Since 1986 four field releases have been undertaken involving genetically engineered baculovirus insecticides. The first release used a genetically marked Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The study began in 1986 and was terminated in 1987. The results demonstrated that an innocuous piece of DNA, appropriately positioned in the AcNPV genome, was an effective means to tag the virus without affecting its phenotype, allowing it to be identified in bioassays of plant and soil samples. The second release, in 1987, involved a genetically marked virus from which the gene coding for the protective polyhedrin protein of the virus had been removed. The field data obtained with this virus showed that it did not persist in the environment, neither in soil, nor on vegetation, nor in the corpses of caterpillars. The third and fourth releases were undertaken in 1988. For one of these studies the marked, polyhedrin‐negative virus was again used. In the other study a polyhedrin‐negative virus that contained a junk' (/?‐galactosidase) gene was e

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree genetic manipulation strategies are described for enhancing the effectiveness of secondary metabolites of crop plants in reducing pest and disease damage. Targets for gene transfer studies are secondary metabolites of oilseed rape, lepidopteran sex pheromones and drimane anti‐feedants. Initial work towards isolation of genes for the biosynthesis of drimane anti‐feedants is descri

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFungi have been suggested as agents for the biological control of insects for over a century, but their use remains extremely limited. This paper examines the biology of entomogenous fungi, highlighting their need for moisture, and reviews studies on the Entomophthoraceae, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lecanii. It is suggested that current studies should be directed towards the control of pests living in humid micro‐climates and that moisture‐retaining formulations should be developed to reduce the reliance of fungi on moisture.Many entomogenous fungi produce insecticidal toxins in submerged culture and these compounds are of interest as a source of new toxophores. The most extensively studied toxins are the cyclic depsipeptides from M. anisopliae, termed destruxins, and their possible role in pathogenesis is discussed. Beauveria bassiana also produces the cyclic peptides termed beauvericin, beauverolides, and bassianolide. Toxins produced by V. lecanii, and the Entomophthoraceae are also descri

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe following are extended abstracts of six of the papers presented at the above meeting and, as so presented, they are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780270211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY