摘要:

AbstractThe metabolism of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, a common plant metabolite of deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, has been studied in abscised leaves of cabbage, cotton, cucumber, kidney bean and tomato plants. The [14C]‐acid was readily converted into more polar conjugates by esterification with glucose, 6‐O‐malonylglucose, gentiobiose, cellobiose, glucosylxylose and two types of triglucose with different isomerism. Other metabolites identified were the glucosyl ether of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, and a 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid derivative with a total of two molar equivalents of glucose linked to the carboxyl and phenolic ‐OH groups. The conjugation pathways were somewhat plant‐specific. The glucosylxylose ester was found only in cotton, and the cellobiose and triglucose esters were found only in tomato. All of the conjugates except the glucose and glucosylxylose esters were plant metabolites that had not been identified previously. Furthermore, this is the first report to show the presence of cellobiose and triglucose conjugates in plants. However, neither of the acetyl derivatives of the [14C]‐triglucoside was identical with the synthetic deca‐acetyl derivativ

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150602

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo large and two small plots of winter wheat were enclosed beneath large mesh‐covered tunnels. A small beehive was placed in each tunnel and sucrose solution was sprayed on to all of the wheat in order to simulate aphid honeydew. WL‐85871 (a 1:1 mixture of two stereoisomers of cypermethrin) as ‘Fastac’ at three dose rates, dimethoate, pirimicarb or water were applied to the larger plots of wheat when the bees were actively foraging the sugar deposits. No increase in bee mortality, compared with that in the pre‐treatment period, was observed after the applications of WL‐85871 or pirimicarb. By contrast, large numbers of dead bees were found following the applications of dimethoate. Foraging activity in the plots, treated with all dose rates of WL‐85871 or with pirimicarb, declined sharply after treatment and remained at a reduced level. With dimethoate no foraging activity occurred after application in either the treated or untreated plots. Only very low concentrations of WL‐85871 were detected in post‐treament samples of honey, wax, and live or dead bees. It was concluded that the application of WL‐85871, to wheat already treated with artificial honeydew, resulted in no adverse effects on the

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150603

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty new O,O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates were synthesised and tested for fungitoxicity in vitro against Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Pythium aphanidermatum. Of these compounds, S‐ethyl O,O‐bis(2, 4,5‐trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate and S‐ethyl O,O‐bis(pentachlorophenyl) phosphorothioate exhibited high activity against all the

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150604

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFenvalerate, deltamethrin, (1R)‐cis‐permethrin, (1R)‐trans‐permethrin and (1S)‐trans‐permethrin, applied topically to the entire body surface of steers at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1, provided 70% or better protection from black flies on cattle for 16, 9, 8, 6 and 6 days, respectively. The (1S)‐cis stereoisomer of permethrin was ineffective as a protectant against black flies at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1when applied as a total body spray. One poly(vinyl chloride) ear tag containing 10% permethrin, in each ear of steers, provided protection from black fly attack for up to 13 days under field conditions. Poly(vinyl chloride) ear tags containing 8% fenvalerate, installed in each ear of steers, did not provide satisfactory protection from black flies under

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150605

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChlomethoxyfen [5‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐2‐nitroanisole] has been widely used as a pre‐emergence herbicide in rice in Japan, where it is known as chlomethoxynil. It is effective against many annual weeds and some perennials, including Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria pygmaea. The activity of chlomethoxyfen is only slightly affected by water movement because of its low water‐solubility. It is more toxic to shoots than roots and is rapidly absorbed by roots, with limited translocation to upper parts of the plants. The demethylated derivative, which was presumed to be conjugated with plant materials, was identified as the major metabolite in plants. Several other metabolites were also detected in soils and animals. Chlomethoxyfen increases phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity in plants under light conditions, resulting in the accumulation of the biphenyl‐2‐ol content. The biochemical basis of the light requirement of diphenyl ether herbicides

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150606

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method has been developed for the estimation of endosulfan, based on the reaction of endosulfan with 4‐(4‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine in an alkaline medium to form a pink complex with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The method is rapid, and a minimum of 2m̈g endosulfan can be determined. The relationship between the absorbance and concentration of endosulfan is linear in the range of 2 to 1

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150607

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract[14C]Diflubenzuron is readily degraded in various agricultural soils and in hydro‐soil; 50% of the applied dose of 1 mg kg−1was metabolised in 2 days or less. The chief products of hydrolysis were identified as 4‐chlorophenylurea and 2, 6‐difluorobenzoic acid. A part of the radioactivity, increasing with incubation time, could not be extracted. Release from the soil of [14C]carbon dioxide, derived from both labelled phenyl rings, points to the ultimate mineralisation of diflub

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150608

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract3‐Phenoxybenzyl (1R‐)‐cis‐3‐(1,2‐dibromo‐2, 2‐dichloroethyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate [dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin] was>100 times less active than (1R)‐cis‐permethrin in causing repetitive firing in a cockroach cereal sensory nerve in vitro, although its toxicity, symptomology and nerve effects in vivo were comparable to the parent compound. Treatment of the in‐vitro preparation with glutathione significantly increased the effectiveness of dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin in a concentration‐dependent manner, while having no effect on the action of (1R)‐cis‐permethrin. Topical treatment of the cockroach with dibromo‐(1R)‐cispermethrin gave a similar time of onset of symptoms to that caused by (1R)‐cis‐permethrin (∼2 min). Pretreatment of the cockroach with N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) significantly (P<0.05) increased dose‐dependently the latency of signs of poisoning caused by dibromo‐(1R)‐cis‐permethrin, but had no significant effect on the latency following (1R)‐cis‐permethrin treatment. Deltamethrin and tralomethrin, applied to the cockroach at LD95doses of 0.03 and 0.07 m̈g g−1respectively, also had similar latencies for the development of symptoms. Moreover, pretreatment with NEM delayed the time of onset of symptoms for tralomethrin (P<0.02) but not for deltamethrin. The results strongly suggest that debromination is an obligatory requirement for t

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150609

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmmonium sulphate and urea, but not potassium sulphate, increased the persistence of carbaryl in a flooded laterite soil with a low native nitrogen content (0.04%), but not in an alluvial soil with a higher nitrogen content (0.11%). Thus, NH4+but not SO42‐, contributed to the increased persistence of carbaryl. Likewise, ammonium sulphate increased the persistence of carbofuran in the laterite soil, but not in the alluvial soil. Significant accumulations of 1‐naphthol and 2,3‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐ol (‘carbofuran phenol’), in soils treated with carbaryl or carbofuran, suggested hydrolysis as the major pathway of degradation. Treatment of the two soils with ammonium sulphate, urea or potassium sulphate led to a decrease in soil‐bound residues and an increase in the respective hydrolysis products, compared with untreated soils. Sorption studies indicated that NH4+and SO42‐compete with carbaryl, 1‐naphthol and carbofuran for sorption and exchange sites in the complex soil system. Evolution of [14C]carbon dioxide from ring‐14C in carbaryl and carbofuran was negligible. Consequently, after 40 days, more than 50% of the14C in [14C]carbaryl and [14C]carbofuran remained in the soils as hydrolysis products (1‐naphthol or 2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethylbenzofur

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150610

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo mature Holstein cows were treated with 0.1g of fenvalerate each, in six consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 3 or 4 days. Neither of the diastereoisomers of fenvalerate was detected in the milk 6h after the application. After 3 days, the mean fenvalerate residue was 0.46μg litre−1; by day 4, this residue had declined below the detection limit of 0.1μg litre−1for each of the diastereoisomers. Two Holstein cows were also treated with 0.5g of fenvalerate per cow in three consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 14 days. Residues in whole milk were at a maximum 6h after treatment and declined to less than 0.2μg litre−1over 21 days. Only 0.03 to 0.06% of the applied fenvalerate appeared in the milk as the intact ins

ISSN:0031-613X    

DOI:10.1002/ps.2780150611

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY