摘要:

A questionnaire survey was held among 938 doctors and 2304 nurses to assess their attitudes toward AIDS and the influence of their concern about the occupational risks involved. The response was 65 and 72%, respectively. The results suggest that in treating patients with actual or possible HIV infection, in non-invasive procedures many doctors and nurses often take too many precautions, whereas in invasive procedures doctors often take too few. A minority of the respondents were in favour of testing all patients. The majority felt that patients in the high-risk groups should be tested. The percentage in favour of anonymous testing was considerably higher among the doctors than among the nurses. Most of the doctors and nurses were concerned about contagion by patients. This concern had a negative influence on their attitudes toward AIDS. Factual information alone does not suffice to dispel excessive concern. In training and educating medical personnel, attention should be devoted to cognitive as well as emotional aspects.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To determine the effect of an HIV-1 counselling program on 149 married Zairian couples with discordant HIV-1 serology, the rates of HIV-1 seroconversion and reported condom utilization have been observed during 382.4 person-years of follow-up (minimum follow-up time per couple of 6 months). Before determination of HIV-1 serostatus and counselling, less than 5% of these couples had ever used a condom. One month after notification of HIV-1 serostatus and counselling, 70.7% of couples reported using condoms during all episodes of sexual intercourse. At 18 months follow-up, 77.4% of the 140 couples still being followed reported continued use of condoms during all episodes of sexual intercourse. At the time of notification of HIV-1 serostatus, 18 couples experienced acute psychological distress. Home-based counselling by trained nurses resolved these difficulties in all but three couples who subsequently divorced. Intensive counselling following notification of HIV-1 serostatus led to low rates of HIV-1 seroconversion (3.1% per 100 person-years of observation) in Zairian married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus who voluntarily attended an HIV counselling center.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Three hundred and fifty-five prostitutes working in The Gambia were enrolled in a study of retroviral infections. Eight-seven (24.6%) were infected with HIV-2 only, two (0.6%) with HIV-1 only, four (1.1%) had sera showing double HIV-1/HIV-2 reactivity, and 37 (10.4%) were seropositive for HTLV-I. After allowing for socioeconomic and serological variables in a multivariate analysis, HIV-2 infection was associated with serological evidence of a previous episode of syphilis [a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) positive/Treponemapallidumhaemagglutination assay (TPHA) positive; odds ratio (OR) = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19–3.98], with having antibodies againstHaemophilus ducreyi(OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 0.89–4.70) or against HTLV-I (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.91–5.19). HIV-2-seropositive prostitutes were three times more likely [17 out of 78 (22%) versus 15 out of 219 (7%), P < 0.001] to have generalized lymphadenopathy than those who were seronegative. These data suggest that genital ulcer diseases may facilitate the transmission of HIV-2, and that HIV-2 rapidly induces the appearance of generalized lymphadenopathy in a substantial proportion of infected individuals.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We analyzed the relationship of ethnicity and gender to high-risk sexual behavior among 457 male and female heterosexual intravenous drug users (IVDUs) interviewed in street and clinic settings in San Francisco. Over two-thirds said they never used condoms. More of the black respondents had not been enrolled in treatment. White IVDUs were more likely to report 10 or more partners, anal sex, and a steady drug-injecting partner; black respondents more often reported prostitution. More men said they never used condoms, and more women said they engaged in prostitution. These high-risk sexual behaviors were significantly and independently associated with ethnicity or gender when other sociodemographic variables were held constant. Sexual risk reduction for IVDUs, focusing on condom use, needs to be expanded to reach non-injecting partners. Intervention is critical for the black community, where a high proportion of IVDUs have steady non-injecting partners.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa but rare elsewhere. In the USA there have been 18 reported cases of HIV-2 infection; most identified people have been West Africans. We recently diagnosed the first case of HIV-2 infection in a native-born US citizen, a woman whose serum was found to be reactive to anti-HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) when she attempted to donate blood in 1986. Although both HIV-1− and HIV-2-specific EIAs were reactive, the anti-HIV-2 Western blot (WB) was positive, while the anti-HIV-1 WB was positive or indeterminate on different occasions. Synthetic peptide testing was reactive for HIV-2 but not HIV-1. HIV-2 DNA was detected using the polymerase chain reaction procedure. Although she had travelled to West Africa, it is unclear how she became infected with HIV-2.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sera from 622 individuals and culture supernatants from three HIV-1 viral isolates were assayed for HIV-1 p24 antigen to investigate the frequency of p24 antigenemia in African and North American populations using three commercial HIV-1 p24 antigen assays (Coulter, Du Pont, and Abbott). The prevalence of p24 antigenemia in 89 hospitalized Zairian AIDS patients was significantly lower than in 47 clinically comparable AIDS patients in the USA (17 versus 48%,P< 0.0001). Prevalence of p24 antigenemia in sera from 200 asymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals was also lower in individuals from Zaire compared with 83 individuals in the USA (3.5 versus 7%). In African individuals, antigenemia prevalence increased with advanced clinical status: 8% in ambulatory AIDS patients, 17% in hospitalized AIDS patients and 18% in postmortem AIDS patients. Acid hydrolysis treatment of sera from 63 Zairian AIDS patients initially negative for p24 antigen showed an 11% positivity rate confirmed by neutralization, suggesting that immune complexing of p24 antigen may play a role in the observed lower p24 antigenemia rates reported for African individuals.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Intestinal protozoa likeEntamoeba histolyticaandGiardia lambliahave been proposed as vectors or cofactors in the development of AIDS. To determine whether these protozoa could transmit HIV, laboratory strains of protozoa were cocultured with cells chronically infected by a highly replicative strain of HIV-1.Entamoeba histolytica, but notGiardia lamblia, took up virus. Immunologically detectable HIV-1 was present in the amebae up to 48 h after exposure to infected cells, but this virus could not be transferred to uninfected human cells. Amebae isolated directly from two HIV-infected individuals were also found to be positive for HIV-1. After lysis of these protozoa and coculture with uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, no transfer of virus to the human cells was observed.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Expression of the CD45RO putative memory cell antigen on CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes of children born to HIV-infected women was investigated using the UCHL 1 antibody. Significantly raised numbers of CD45RO + CD8 lymphocytes were found in all nine of the infected children compared with uninfected and control children. Expression of CD45RO on CD4 lymphocytes was variable; absolute numbers were not increased, although the percentage was increased in four out of nine infected children. All the infected children except two (who had comparatively low numbers of CD45RO+ CD8 cells) were clinically well, which suggests that an increase in CD45RO + CD8 cells may be indicative of a functionally active immune response against HIV.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Hairy leukoplakia (HL) also occurs in immunosuppressed post-bone-marrow transplantation patients, and in the presence or absence of Epstein-Barr virus. It may not always be diagnostic of HIV positivity. However, HIV status should still be determined in patients with HL.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID