ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectivesHIV-1 transcripts have been detected in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissues within the factor Xllla + dermal dendrocytes present in the tumor. Various cytokines and growth factors have been shown to influence the growth of KS-derived cells in vitro. HIV-1 preferentially infects CD4 + cells and has also been found to infect some CD4− cells in vitro. The susceptibility of cultured KS cells in vitro to infection with HIV-1 and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) after exposure to HIV-1 was examined.MethodsThe susceptibility of two different KS-derived cell cultures to HIV-1 infection was examined by the expression of p24 antigen, detection of proviral sequence and electron microscopy. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and bFGF was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.ResultsKS-derived cells can be infected by HIV-1 in vitro. Both KS-derived cells were found to express CD4 mRNA. The expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was increased, whereas the expression of bFGF was not stimulated after exposure of KS cells to HIV-1.ConclusionThese experiments describe the in vitro infection of KS-derived cells by HIV-1 and the expression of various cytokines and growth factor following infection. The increased production of cytokines observed following such infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectivePeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected subjects have an increased mortality rate (MR) when incubated in vitro for 3 days in a culture medium. We have previously shown that fibroblast-conditioned medium (FCM) can preserve viability, without significant activation, of human lymphocytes in vitro. We therefore tested the ability of two FCM and other factors to reduce spontaneous MR in HIV-positive PBMC.MethodsPBMC were cultured for 3 days in control medium and medium supplemented with FCM or recombinant cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor]. Cells viable at day 3 were counted in a cytofluorimeter after staining with ethidium bromide. DNA was extracted from the cultures and evaluated for the presence of low molecular weight fragmentation.ResultsThe MR of PBMC from 51 HIV-positive subjects and from 21 healthy controls were 30.1 and 9.5%, respectively (P< 0.0001). The MR was higher in 40 patients with a CD4 + lymphocyte count < 400 x 106/l than in subjects with a count >400 x 106/l (32.84 versus 20.96%;P= 0.047). IL-2 and FCM significantly reduced MR in HIV-positive subjects (MR: 17.8 and 20.4%; P: < 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). This effect was more evident in subjects with a CD4+ lymphocyte count < 400 x 106/l and in subjects with negative p24 antigenaemia. Cellular proliferation accounts for increased survival in IL-2-supplemented cultures but not in those with FCM. DNA was extracted from fresh PBMC and cells cultured for 3 days for 22 HIV-positive cases. DNA degradation was documented and bands related to an apoptotic mechanism of death observed, especially in subjects with more advanced disease.ConclusionsOur data suggest that FCM inhibits accelerated cell death in vitro of PBMC isolated from HIV-positive patients.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of retrovirus infection and co-infection, and intravenous substance use, on immune function in African-Americans.DesignA cohort of South Florida street-recruited African-American intravenous drug users formed the study population. The cohort consisted of 90 HIV-negative & human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-negative, one HIV-negative & HTLV-I-positive, 11 HIV-negative & HTLV-II-positive, 79 HIV-positive & HTLV-negative, one HIV-positive & HTLV-I-positive and 21 HIV-positive & HTLV-II-positive individuals. The results reported are for the cross-sectional, baseline assessment of immune parameters.MethodsLymphocyte phenotypic distributions and functional markers, including proliferative response to mitogens and natural killer cell cytotoxicity, were determined. Serum immunoglobulin (lg) levels were determined as a measure of B-cell activity.ResultsHTLV-II infection was associated with increases in CD8 lymphocyte count and serum lg, but with no other significant immunologic changes. The distribution of CD4 and CD8 percentages, CD4: CD8 ratio, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) reactivity, lgA and lgG for the four retrovirus serostatus groups suggested the possibility of interactive effects in the co-infected group, as demonstrated by a trend toward lower medians for CD4 and for PHA and PWM response and higher medians for lgC, lgA and CD8. Retrovirus-seronegative intravenous drug users had significantly impaired immune status compared with non-drug-using control individuals.ConclusionsImmunologic dysfunction attributable to HTLV-II infection was minor compared with HIV infection in this population. Study subjects who were co-infected with HIV and HTLV demonstrated more impairment of immune function than individuals with single retrovirus infections.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate a simple V3 peptide-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for large-scale serotyping of HIV-1 specimens from Thailand.DesignSerologic reactivities with synthetic peptides derived from the V3 loop of gp120 were used for typing HIV-1 specimens.MethodsSynthetic peptides PND-A and PND-B, derived from the consensus amino-acid sequences of the V3 loop of gp120 from two major genomic variants of HIV-1 in Thailand (A and B), were evaluated in an EIA on 61 Thai HIV-1 sera for which genotypes had been determined by polymerase chain reaction. The peptide EIA was then applied to sera from 188 HIV-1-infected patients, selected in non-random, convenience samples of known risk groups from four geographic regions of Thailand.ResultsThe sensitivities and specificities of PND-A and PND-B were 86% (30 out of 35) and 96% (25 out of 26) and 92% (24 out of 26) and 94% (33 out of 35), respectively, with 100% predictive values of a monoreactive positive test for both peptides. The assay classified 101 specimens as serotype A, 39 as serotype B, eight as serotype AB (dually reactive), and 40 as untypable (non-reactive). Excluding dual reactors and non-reactors, 92% (77 out of 84) of specimens from patients probably infected by sexual contact were serotype A; conversely, 76% (28 out of 37) of injecting drug users were serotype B.ConclusionThe serologic results corroborated previous findings, in a smaller subset of samples, of an apparent segregation of viral subtypes by mode of transmission, suggesting two separate HIV-1 epidemics in Thailand. This peptide EIA could be a valuable epidemiologic tool in determining the dynamics of the rapid spread of HIV-1 in Thailand.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectivesTo assess the ability of the African Hut Tampan, Ornithodoros moubata, to mechanically transmit HIV-1 and to re-appraise HIV-1 infectivity in an arthropod cell line at 28 and 35 °C.DesignTo evaluate HIV-1 transmission by O. moubata, as determined by HIV-1 survival ‘blood-meal’ size and interval between feeds, various tick developmental stages were allowed to feed on a heavily infected lymphoblast-rich blood-meal containing HIV-1BRUin an in vitro feeding chamber.MethodsBlood-meal regurgitation was evaluated using51Cr-labelled human erythrocytes, and human lymphoblast survival in ticks using Trypan blue. HIV-1 survival in ticks was evaluated by reverse transcriptase activity in tick homogenates cocultured with CEM lymphoblasts. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis were used to detect proviral HIV-1 in arthropod cells in vitro.ResultsHIV-1Bruremained viable for up to 10 days within O. moubata adults. This is the longest recorded survival of HIV in an arthropod. In agreement with other studies, O. moubata regurgitated part of its previous blood-meal into the feeding lesion. Human CEM lymphoblasts partially survived for up to 7 days at 28 and 35°C inside O. moubata's digestive tract. The blood-meal of adult female ticks was as high as 240 μ (approximately 70 times more than a mosquito), while the most likely potential mechanical vectors (fourth- and fifth-stage nymphs) ingested an average of 39 μ (maximum, 73 μl), with some ticks re-feeding as early as 14 days postfeed in the absence of a moult. Shortcomings associated with the experimental protocol suggest that HIV survival within O. moubata may reach 14 days following natural infection, or that ticks might re-feed earlier. Although HIV-1BRUand HIV-1NDKwere unable to replicate at 28 and 35°C in CD4– Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito cells, HIV-1NDKwas detected in its proviral form.ConclusionsOur investigations showed that mechanical transmission of HIV-1 by O. moubata is unlikely to occur in the laboratory. This may not be the situation under field conditions.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine the natural history of cryptosporidial infection in HIV-infected individuals.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital HIV inpatient and outpatient unit.PatientsThirty-eight HIV-infected patients presenting with cryptosporidial diarrhoea between April 1986 and July 1991 were identified retrospectively from laboratory records.ResultsEleven of the 38 patients had a clinical remission of their diarrhoea. Median lymphocyte count of the remission group was significantly higher than that of the non-remission group (1100 and 550 x 106/l, respectively;P= 0.003). Median survival times were 66 and 11.5 weeks for the remission and non-remission groups, respectively (P= 0.001). Liver function tests performed at the initial diagnosis of cryptosporidial diarrhoea were available for 28 patients. Aspartate transaminase was raised in 16 and alkaline phosphatase in 10 of these 28 patients. Ten patients showed evidence of AIDS-associated sclerosing cholangitis, one patient had an episode of acute pancreatitis and another presented with acute cholecystitis.ConclusionsThis study suggests that HIV-associated cryptosporidial diarrhoea does not have a uniformly poor prognosis. Eleven out of 38 patients had a spontaneous clinical remission, which appears to be predicted by the absolute lymphocyte count. Abnormal liver function tests and hepatobiliary disease were common.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine the safety and efficacy of 100mg dapsone three times weekly for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis in HIV-infected, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-intolerant patients.DesignRetrospective chart review of patients followed-up to 22 May 1992.SettingInfectious diseases outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center in suburban New York City.PatientsTwenty-three HIV-infected patients requiring PCP prophylaxis with documented intolerance to TMP-SMX.Main outcome measuresPatients were followed clinically and with laboratory testing at approximately monthly intervals.ResultsDapsone was discontinued in nine (39%) patients because of adverse reactions. All reactions occurred within the first 2 months of treatment. Two (14%) of the remaining 14 patients developed histologically proven PCP over 126 patient-months of follow-up.ConclusionApproximately 40% of TMP-SMX-intolerant HIV-infected individuals are also intolerant of dapsone. Prophylaxis failures may be expected on a dose regimen of 100mg dapsone three times weekly. More experience with other dose regimens and alternative agents is needed.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine whether injecting drug use is associated with cellular immune activation in the absence of HIV-1 infection.DesignSerum levels of neopterin and β2-microglobulin (β2M) were measured cross-sectionally in injecting drug users (IDU) enrolled in a prospective study.Subjects and methodsTwo hundred and nineteen HIV-1-seronegative, healthy heterosexual black male IDU aged 21–49 years were selected from the Baltimore-based AIDS Linked to Intravenous Experiences (ALIVE) study. The possibility of including subjects in the process of seroconverting to HIV-1 was minimized by restricting the study to individuals who remained seronegative 6 months after the specimens used for analysis were collected.ResultsMean serum β2M levels were not statistically different among groups of IDU whose usual pattern of injection was at least once a day for up to 3 consecutive days (daily users; n = 65), less than once per day (less-than-daily users; n = 75), or not at all for at least 2 weeks (non-recent users; n = 79). In contrast, the mean neopterin level was significantly (P= 0.039) greater in daily users (6.17nmol/l) than in the other two groups (5.07 and 5.19nmol/l, respectively, which were not statistically different). These results were not affected, by the frequency of using borrowed non-sterile works or by other demographic and risk factor variables.ConclusionsFrequent injecting drug use may be independently associated with a small elevation of serum neopterin levels, but not β2M levels. Although the occurrence of a type I error in this sample cannot be completely excluded, serum neopterin may be more sensitive than serum β2M in detecting activation of immunocompetent cells associated with frequent injecting drug use in this population.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that serum levels of soluble markers in children change after initiation of zidovudine therapy and that the extent and pattern of these longitudinal changes correlates with clinical outcome.Patients and methodsWe measured serum levels of soluble CD8, neopterin, β2-microglobulin (βM), and p24 antigen, and CD4 cell counts, before the initiation of zidovudine therapy and at 12, 24 and 48 weeks of treatment in 24 HIV-1-infected children (Centers for Disease Control classification P2) and 15 controls.ResultsSoluble CD8 levels were elevated before therapy in 70% of the infected children; subsequent decreases were associated with lower risk of disease progression. The mean serum neopterin level before treatment was elevated in infected children; decreases in neopterin levels marginally reflected improved or stable clinical status. Serum β2M levels and CD4+ cell counts were not associated with clinical outcome. Only 10 out of the 24 patients had detectable levels of serum p24 antigen before treatment; again, the amount of decline after initiation of therapy did not predict clinical outcome.ConclusionDecreasing levels of soluble CD8 and neopterin in HIV-1-infected children receiving zidovudine therapy might reflect a good response to treatment and a slowing of disease progression.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID