ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Ten rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and six fascicularis (Macaca fascicularis) macaques were inoculated with HIV-2benusing three different virus preparations and two routes of inoculation. Thirteen of the 16 inoculated macaques seroconverted 2–6 weeks after infection. ThreeM. mulattaremained seronegative. The seroconverted animals developed antibody titres from 80 to 40000. Their antibodies reacted with gp160 and gp130 and, in varying degrees, with gp32 and core proteins. Virus could be re-isolated from 11 of the 16 macaques.M. mulattawere transiently viraemic 6–14 weeks after infection whereas allM. fasciculariswere persistently viraemic 2–7 weeks after infection onwards. In the 6–18 months after infection oneM. mulattalost 20% of its body weight and twoM. fascicularisshowed transient lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly; the other animals remained clinically normal. A re-isolated virus from aM. mulattawas indistinguishable from the inoculated HIV-2benby genomic restriction enzyme analysis.M. mulattaandM. fascicularisare infectable by a single intravenous injection of cell-free HIV-2ben. Persistent viraemia inM. fascicularisrepresents a valuable and reliable parameter for studies on antivirals and vaccines.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The seroprevalence of antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsmm) and simian T-cell leukemia virus type I (STLV-I) in a captive breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys was determined, and infection by SIVsmmwas confirmed in all cases by virus isolation. Among 138 animals tested, 57 and 33% were infected with SIVsmmand STLV-I, respectively. While the proportion of female mangabeys (66%) differed significantly (P< 0.01) from the proportion of male mangabeys (42%) infected with SIVsmm, the proportions of males and females infected with STLV-I were similar, suggesting independent transmission of the two viruses. Among mangabeys less than 1 year old, none were infected with STLV-I and only five of 27 mangabeys, all of which were at least 6 months old when first tested, were infected with SIVsmm. The data document that natural infection of sooty mangabey monkeys with SIVsmmor in association with STLV-I infection does not result in increased disease or mortality, and that transmission of both SIVsmmand STLV-I appears to occur primarily through sexual activity.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using Western blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, we demonstrated that primary human monocytes and culture-derived macrophages express low levels of authentic CD4 antigen. The plasma membrane Fc receptor (FcR) on mononuclear phagocytes plays a major role in the binding of murine immunoglobulin G2α anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb), and contributes to binding of other subclasses. The FcR detected shows an increase in apparent molecular weight from 60 to 70kD over 2 weeks in culture. U937 cells resemble T lymphocytes, rather than primary monocytes/macrophages, in expressing relatively high levels of CD4; FcR contributes little to the signal. The potential bivalent interactions between immunoglobulin G and receptors such as CD4 and FcR could influence the binding and fate of HIV in primary monocytes/macrophages.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We assessed the HIV-1 status of seropositive and seronegative at-risk individuals by the polymerase chain reaction. Fifty-four out of 55 HIV-1-seropositive samples scored positive. However, HIV-1 proviral DNA was not detected in 16 seronegative homosexuals, 20 seronegative polytransfused haemophiliacs and 20 seronegative thalassaemic children, 20 individuals with isolated and persistent anti-core antibodies and 74 seronegative blood donors. These data indicate that positive HIV-1 DNA is likely to be an exceptional phenomenon in HIV-seronegative people.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To further study the possibility of transmission of HIV infection by close personal but non-sexual, non-parenteral contact we have continued to enroll and evaluate household contacts of adult patients with AIDS. Two hundred and six household contacts of 90 patients with AIDS were evaluated with detailed interviews, physical examinations, and detection of HIV antibodies and p24 antigen from 1984 to 1987; 118 of these contacts were re-evaluated 6–12 months after cessation of household contact or death of the patient. The median duration of household contact from 18 months prior to symptoms in the AIDS patients to last contact was 23 months (range 3–101 months). The median time elapsed from first contact during this period to the last evaluation was 38 months (range 13–66 months). No household contact had signs or symptoms suggesting HIV infection. All 206 were negative for serum antibodies to HIV and HIV p24 antigen, despite extensive sharing of household facilities and items and personal interactions with AIDS patients. This study continues to show that household members without other risks remain at minimal to no risk for HIV transmission (95% confidence interval, 0–1.44) despite prolonged and substantial close non-sexual contact with AIDS patients, and after re-evaluation at a median of 10.9 months after initial evaluation.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To date, three well-documented modes of transmission of HIV-1 (sexual, percutaneous and perinatal) have been described. Although the theoretical possibility exists for HIV-1 transmission through other routes, including non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes often referred to as 'casual' contact (and several anecdotal reports suggest this possibility), there is no credible epidemiological evidence to support this. Fourteen combined surveys, with over 750 individuals with potential exposure through non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes of contact, have failed to find a single case of HIV-1 infection (upper bound of 95% confidence interval = 0.40%), indicating that the risk of transmission by non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes is remote. Given the emotionally charged concerns about transmission of an infection which may end fatally in a high proportion of affected individuals, critical review of the low probability of transmission through non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes is important so that preventive efforts can be focused appropriately.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Eighty people, all infected by HIV-contaminated drug injection equipment between 1983 and 1984, completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and selected revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) subtests. Demographic variables (age, sex, years of education, and social class) were recorded as additional indices of premorbid functioning. Cross-sectional comparison of NART and WAIS-R scores showed that cognitive function was not more impaired with increasing severity of HIV illness, as defined by clinical staging. Nor were HIV-positive patients more impaired than a control group of seronegative drug users. Mean NART scores did not differ significantly from that predicted by a regression model, indicating that the NART can be reliably used to estimate premorbid intelligence for this population. However, current performance on WAIS-R subtests was below that expected from population models of cognitive function that combine measures of premorbid IQ and demographic factors, providing evidence of impaired intellectual function. Currently observed cognitive deficits are probably more due to drug use than to the insidious onset of AIDS dementia complex.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the early 1980s, more than 90% of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) shared needles and syringes in Geneva. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV in the sera of outpatient IVDUs increased from 6% in 1981 to 38% in 1983; it was, however, still only 37% in 1988. IVDUs starting methadone maintenance in 1987–1989 had a seroprevalence rate of 22%. In 1989 the percentage of IVDUs exchanging syringes and needles fell to only 5% of seropositive addicts. Only one seroconversion was observed in 1094 patient-months of observation in 1988–1989, which was probably due to sexual contact. The evidence suggests that, in the IVDUs studied, transmission of HIV has diminished since the early 1980s.

ISSN:0269-9370    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID