摘要:

AbstractStudied the effect of a person's self‐esteem on his inferences about another person's feelings toward him. Fifty‐six mule and female college student subjects of high or low chronic self‐esteem (median split; modified version of Janis and Field's ‘Feelings of Inadequacy Scale’) received either a negative or a positive evaluation of themselves. They were told that the evaluation had been written by another subject who had acted either under ‘sincere’ instructions, which allowed him to give his own opinion, or under ‘role‐playing’ instructions, which assigned him to write either a positive or a negative evaluation. The subject's take was to decide under which instruction his evaluation had been written. It was predicted from a self‐concistency logic that low self‐esteem subjects would attribute negative evaluations to ‘sincere’ and positive evaluations to ‘role‐playing’ instructions, while high self‐esteem subjects would make the reverse attributions. A significant self‐esteem × evaluation positivity interac

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigated how team success and failure are attributed to dispositional and situational factors as a function of immediate outcome of the group performance, past success of the team, and individual performance of team members within the group. 150 Little League baseball players' attributions for the team's outcome were taken separately with regard to team‐ and self‐factors immediately after the conclusion of a game. The results reveal that success, independent of the margin of victory, is primarily assigned to effort and ability, while clear‐loss is attributed to both effort and task difficulty. Conversely, bare‐loss is seen to be mainly due to task difficulty and secondarily to low effort. The results are interpreted as supporting the notion of ego‐centered causal judgments, but not necessarily the motive to enhance one's self, on the basis of the new proposition that effort has a different attributional meaning in the cases of success and failure; when losing effort is treated as an external factor, and when winning, effort tends to be interpreted as an internal factor. No differences with respect to attributions exist between individual players who perform poorly and those who excell within the team pe

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the immediate and long‐term effects of modeling on adult altruism using a quasi field experiment in a naturalistic setting. Forty‐three female trainee occupational therapists aged 18‐21 observed or did not observe a female model volunteer to donate blood. Modeling significantly increased the number of female observers who (a) also agreed to donate and (b) in turn actually gave their blood. The opportunity to donate blood occurred in a naturalistic situation on average six weeks after the commitment. It was concluded that observing a model could produce generalizable and durable behavior change in adults using an altruistic behavior of some cost to the individual. Personality and vicarious reinforcement effects however were not

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the effect of meaning and consequences on shifts toward extreme judgments (polarization) as a result of group discussion. Since it was hypothesized that high levels of both meaning and consequences would activate pressures to conform to the appropriate cultural norm, greater polarization was predicted under those conditions. Consequences were varied by asking subjects how willing they were to participate in another actual (high consequences) or hypothetical (low consequences) experiment. Meaning was varied by information that the proposed experiment would have high or low social and scientific significance. Sixty male college students discussed their preferences in three‐person groups. Prediscussion, consensus, and postdiscussion scores were obtained; the critical polarization scores were computed on the basis of individual's movement away from the prediscussion mean of their group. Partial support for the hypotheses is provided by a cross‐over interaction (p<.05) in changes from the prediscussion to consensus scores, which indicate greater polarization in the high‐meaning, low‐consequence condition, and in the low‐meaning, high‐consequence condition. The results are discussed with respect to their implications for research in which subjects do not expect real consequences to follow from their statements

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRe‐examines Mulder's Power Distance Reduction Theory (P.D.R.) and the related experiments using a model which distinguishes between structural and nonstructural parameters of a power system. The former defines the Vertical and Horizontal nature of the power relations between people in the system, while the latter specifies the power differential between two immediate ranks, and together they provide a more adequate and precise conception of the links between the power parameters and the tendencies of subordinate group members to seize super‐ordinate power. Several theoretical statements were generated on the bases of the P.D.R. literature and theories of social comparison and bureaucracy to hypothesize the individual effects of the three parameters on power distance reduction (p.d.r.) tendencies. Two experiments using 48 and 40 male college students respectively were conducted to test the hypotheses by systematically varying one parameter and holding constant the other two. The results indicate an inverse relationship between the p.d.r. tendencies and the size of the parameters, as predicted. The strength of the relationship increases from the nonstructural to the Vertical to the Horizontal parameter. An argument was developed which combined the three power parameters to form two ideal power conditions for further resea

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAt first, it was demonstrated that social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) predicting a need for moderate (instead of maximal) superiority, could reconcile a number of disparate results of earlier Maximizing Difference Game (MDG) experiments. Using the same theory, it was then further predicted that high power players in an asymmetrical MDG would compete less than their inferior opponents or than equal power players in a symmetrical MDG and that the inferior and equal power players would not differ in competition. The data of an experiment, involving an asymmetrical (8/6) MDG matrix and two symmetrical MDG matrices (8/8 and 6/6), generally confirmed these predictions, but it was observed serendipitously that the high 8/8 symmetrical matrix yielded more competition than the lower 6/6 symmetrical matrix. An extended replication of this variable with five linearly related MDG matrices (4/4, 5/5, 6/6, 8/8 and 12/12) showed a similar result, namely most competition in the highest matrices and least in the lowest ones. The finding was interpreted in terms of the competitive motivation of the players and the low cost of competition in the highest matrices.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY