摘要:

AbstractThis experimental study was aimed at investigating the mechanisms of influence involved in the two functionally opposed phenomena of innovation and conformity. We have been concerned for several years with the former of these two phenomena because of its intrinsic importance and the limited amount of research devoted to it.In the present article we have attempted not only to analyse the position more thoroughly, but also to compare the effects of innovation with those of conformity. In particular, we have endeavoured to show that behavioural style acts as a general source of influence in the two phenomena under consideration, where manifest judgments are concerned. On the other hand, the latent effects of influence may be different in the two cases of innovation and conformity.To investigate these questions, we developed an experimental design consisting of three parts. The first part was intended to study manifest influence on a quasi‐physical judgment based on a cultural truism. The second part was aimed at the study of latent modifications in the perceptual‐cognitive code as a result of influence. The third, in the form of a postexperimental questionnaire, was intended to provide information about various aspects, including the perception of the agent of influence by subjects. The main function of the experimental manipulations was to vary the minority or majority relationship of the agent of influence within a group, and its behavioural style, consistent or inconsistent.Our main findings indicate that behavioural consistency is the main factor behind the influence exerted by both majority and minority. But whereas, in conformity, influence is limited to modifying manifest judgments, in innovation, it changes the perceptual‐cognitive code underlying such judg

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was devised which tested the classical theory of projection. Subjects completed a Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study form (RPFS) also rated themselves for aggressiveness on rating scales. Highly aggressive subjects were classified according to whether they rated themselves as high aggressive or tow aggressive. Subjects watched one of two full‐length commercial films, and the ratings which high‐aggressive, high‐self‐rating subjects and high‐aggressive, low‐self‐rating subjects gave to film characters were compared. It was found that aggressive film characters were rated as being more aggressive by the low‐self‐rating subjects than by the high‐self‐rating subjects. The possible explanation that this finding could be related to more general differences between subjects was not supported. It was therefore concluded that the results of this experiment were best explained by the predictions of classical projection theory, with the proviso that aggression was only projected onto those film characters whose behaviour prov

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree schemata relevant to the inference of traits attributed to a and b from respectively reciprocal liking and disliking relations between a and b are derived from the research literature: (a) Homogeneity according to which likable traits would be attributed to a and b if they like each other, while dislikable traits if they dislike each other; (b) balance according to which more similarity would be attributed to a and b if they like each other than if they dislike each other, the relative similarity effect being localized on a likableness dimension; (c) positivity bias according to which favorable traits would be attributed irrespective of the stimulus information given.An experiment is reported which provides support for the three schemata with the exception that no unequivocal evidence is obtained for the restriction of the balance effect to a likableness dimension. Further, individual Ss are found not to have stable preferences for particular schemata but to switch readily from one schema to the other.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHumanist social thought is as a meadow in the forest of positivist science. Much of this space was cleared by Wilhelm Dilthey, not only through his attack on the fundamental assumptions of positivism, but also through his formulation of a critical method by which the works of free human consciousness could be understood.The first tenet of positivism is that the world is made up of ‘out there’ objectively knowable ‘facts’. Dilthey undercut this notion by asserting that the subject matter of the human studies was not mere facts of nature, but rather objectified expressions of the human mind. The second central assumption of positivism is that these facts are explainable or determined by general causal laws. In contrast, Dilthey asserted that, while we can explain the natural world, human action must be understood through an interpretive rather than a causal logic. In demonstrating and specifically describing such an interpretive procedure, Dilthey provided an epistemological and methodological grounding fur a humanistic science of the person and of the social world. His ideas illuminate the works even of his critics and his influence, though largely unacknowledged, continues to be widespread in all the human

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDiscusses the current status of the controversy about the relationship between individual's attitudes and subsequent behavior. It is suggested that one step toward the resolution of the existing controversy is the construction of a formal theory, specifying and integrating variables other than attitude into the framework. To this end, a model (in propositional form) is advanced focusing on attitude, centrality and salience as determinants of action. The model was partially tested through reanalysis of survey data dealing with attitudes and behaviors of 221 individuals with regard to halting air pollution. The data confirmed that subjects for whom the attitude object was central exhibited a higher level of attitude‐behavior consistency than subjects for whom the attitude object was of low centrality. It is argued that the use of the proposed model clarifies relationships which otherwise might incorrectly be interpreted and provides a practical logic for determining when a comparison may be reliable and when one should beware of probable measurement difficultie

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420060201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY