摘要:

AbstractFour procedures for measuring between‐group orientations were described and evaluated. These include the procedures developed by Tajfel and his associates, Brewer and Silver, Locksley et al., Ng, and a revised procedure. The revised procedure was designed to measure seven between‐group Orientations. Use of the new measure and the Tajfel measure with college sophomores revealed somewhat different results. The Tajfel measure revealed evidence for the typically found pulls, but the new measure revealed only evidence for equality between groups and maximizing joint rewards with an advantage to own group. Use of the new meausure with 15 year‐old boys and girls revealed evidence for maximizing own‐group reward for both sexes, equality for girls only, and maximizing relative advantage to own group for boys only. For neither sex was maximizing own relative advantage (analogous to Tajfel's MD) the largest orie

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBornstein et al.(1983) employ both argument and evidence to suggest that the Tajfel matrices are an inadequate measure of intergroup behaviour in the social categorization paradigm. These comments reject their criticisms, point out the potentially misleading confoundings between strategies embodied in their own measurement technique, and show that once these confoundings are taken into account, the results of their two experiments are comparable to those normally obtained by the Tajfel matrices. Some misunderstandings about the role of the MD strategy are also corrected.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn response to Turner it was argued that the maximizing outcomes assumption is plausible, his ‘continuous variable’ assumption is implausible, and his assertion that sets of pull scores yield unconfounded measures is incorrect. In addition to considering still further matters, such as the reduction of Tajfel matrices to simplified‐binary matrices, data from two new experiments were presented. One experiment reveals that, contrary to Turner's reservations, the allocution of points (or money) to one own‐group and one other‐group member versus different own‐group and different other‐group members has no differential effect. The second experiment found that Turner's assertion that Bornstein et al.'s cover story created a sense of precedence that reduced fairness is incorrect. In view of the existence of a clearly superior alternative it was concluded that further use of the Tajfel matrices wo

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is argued in response to Bornstein et al. (1983a) that most preferreed outcomes are not restricted to the maximal values of strategies, that the revised matrices are conpromise between maximal discrimination and exact fairness, that strategies can and should be measured as variables, and that their further criticisms of the Taifel matrices again fail to withstand careful examination. Their new data are irrelevant to the measurement issue. It is concluded that the Tajfel matrices are superior to the revised matrices if one wishes to measure strategies as unconfounded variables and without defining subjects' most preferred outcomes a priori.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe object of this study is to explore to what degree the question of ingroup favouritism, brought to light in the framework of ‘social identity theory’, is dependent upon the methods used for measuring this variable. The influence of this factor on ingroup bias was tested under the following three conditions: ‘complementary assessment’, ‘separate assessment’ and ‘choice of dimensions’. This last condition gave the subjects the opportunity to choose which dimensions would be used for assessment. It was found that the degree of ingroup bias is different for each of the three conditions. The results indicate that it is only under certain circumstances that the ingroup distinguishes itself as ‘better’ at the expense of the outgroup. This occurs only if the subjects are not given the opportunity to assess both groups on non‐corresponding dimensions, and therefore do not have the possibility to rate them ‘equall

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBesides Rotter's hypothesis that internals are more likely to participate in sociopolitical action than externals, in this paper the hypothesis is formulated that externals are more likely to participate in socio‐political action than internals. Both hypotheses can be justified from a value‐expectancy theoretical point of view. These hypotheses are called the efficacy hypothesis and the power‐formation hypothesis respectively. The assumption is made that the power‐formation hypothesis holds true for people who are convinced that they are powerless, on objective and for ideological grounds, and that the efficacy hypothesis holds true for people who do not have that conviction. Conditions under which a relationship between I. E. and socio‐political action‐taking can be expected were derived from both hypotheses. Thirty‐one studies on I. E. and action‐taking were reviewed. Five studies confirmed the efficacy hypothesis, four studies confirmed the power‐formation hypothesis. Nineteen studies revealed no relationship between I. E. scores and action‐taking. The explanations that various authors give for the absence of a relationship were examined. It was investigated whether explanations that held true for studies other than the ones for which they were formulated would fit into the theoretical framework developed in this article. This appeared to be the case. The implications for further res

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a field study, models for magnitude estimation and for category ratings are applied to the scaling of occupational prestige. The two respective models provide sufficient conditions for magnitude estimates to yield logarithmic interval scales and for category ratings to lead to interval scales. Both models are found to hold reasonably well for the majority of respondents. As implied by a third model, the relation between magnitude estimation and category rating scales can well be described by a generalized power function. Although overall results do not favour one method over the other individual data analyses reveal substantial interindividual differences with respect to the capability of performing magnitude estimates and category ratings, respectively. The findings are compared to results recently found in psychophysical laboratory experiments, and it is concluded that the individual scale properties the two methods provide do not differ across the attitudinal and the sensory domains.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEffects of the dimensionality of responsibility and causality attributions were investigated. An accident was described. Subjects cued to respond with causality attributions increased their attributions with event severity. Subjects cued to respond with moral responsibility attributions decreased attributional levels with increasing severity. Assignments of guilt varied specifically with the cued attributional concept.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the effects of attitude extremity on perceived consensus and willingness to ascribe trait terms to others with either pro or anti nuclear attitudes. Results showed that attitude extremity affected consensus estimates. Trait attributions revealed a clear effect for valence, especially for the extreme attitude groups. Subjects with extreme attitudes also ascribed more traits to both pro and anti others than subjects with relatively moderate attitudes.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY