摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of the results of 137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the group categorization). A significant interaction between the reality of the group categorization and the relative status of the ingroup revealed a slight decrease in the ingroup bias effect as a function of status in real groups, and a significant increase in the ingroup bias effect as a function of status in artificial groups. Finally, an interaction between item relevance and ingroup status was observed, such that higher status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on more relevant attributes, whereas lower status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on less relevant attributes. Discussion considers the implications of these results for current theory and future research involving the ingroup bias effec

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study investigated the conditions under which group members try to obtain membership in another group, or are motivated to protect their group membership when they risk losing it. One hundred and twenty‐nine high school students participated as subjects in a laboratory experiment. Subjects were divided into two groups, allegedly on the basis of their problem solving style. The relative size (minority/majority) and status position (high/low) of the subject's group, as well as the permeability of group boundaries (permeable/impermeable) were manipulated as independent variables in a 2×2×2 factorial design. The main dependent variables were the extent to which individuals valued their group membership, and identified with their group. The main results are that membership in a group with high status is considered more attractive than membership in a low status group, This differential evaluation of high and low status groups is more extreme in minority groups than in groups of majority size. Furthermore, when group boundaries are permeable, members of high status minorities show relatively strong ingroup identification, indicating a strengthening of ties with their own group when an alternative (majority) group affiliation is possible. However, our expectation that permeable group boundaries would result in diminished ingroup identification in low status minorities was not confirmed. Some additional data suggest that unsatisfactory membership in a low status group is resolved in a different

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocial categorization is claimed to elicit a tendency to conform to ingroup norms, which may result in attitude change after exposure to information on the opinions of other ingroup members. It was hypothesized that the degree to which arguments represented ingroup norms, i.e., were prototypical, would affect their potential influence on attitudes, such that prototypical arguments would be perceived as being of higher quality and would elicit more attitude change. Moreover, prototypical arguments were expected to elicit more argument elaboration. Two experiments were designed to test these predictions. In Experiment 1 subjects were exposed to both a set of pro and a set of contra arguments, while one of the sets was allegedly prototypical of ingroup attitudes. In Experiment 2 subjects were exposed to either prototypical or a‐prototypical pro or contra arguments allegedly originating from in‐ or outgroup. In both studies conformity to ingroup norms was observed. In addition, prototypical ingroup arguments elicited higher quality ratings in the first study. Indications of higher elaboration of prototypical ingroup arguments were fo

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study sought to investigate the utility of several variables to post‐dict eyewitness identifcation accuracy in target‐present and target‐absent line‐ups in a staged‐event paradigm. The incident involved an altercation between an experimenter and a confederate who a empted to take away the slide projector needed for an ongoing laboratory experiment. Sixty‐two subject‐witnesses were called back to the laboratory one week after the incident, purportedly to answer some additional questions about the laboratory experiment. They were asked to provide a description of the intruder and to indicate whether or not they thought they would be able to identify the target (pre‐decision confidence). Next, they saw a video line‐up with or without the target present. Using choice of a line‐up member as a mediating variable, with choosers post‐decision confidence (r = 0.58) and decision‐time (r = −0.43) were strongly related to the accuracy of this choice while pre‐decision confidence was not. For non‐choosers, no meaningful relationship between these variables and identifcation accuracy was observed. There was also some evidence that the number of descriptors was significantly related to identifcation accuracy (r = 0.28). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of choice as a mediating variable for post‐dieting identification decisions in studies using both target‐present and target‐absent line‐ups. Forensic implications of confidence and decision‐time as verbal and non‐verbal indicators for the post‐hoc assess

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examine the proposition that, in ordinary conversation, people are concerned to argue — to justify their claims and to counter potential and actual counter claims. We test out the proposition by analysing explanations in one particular conversation. We attend to the validity claims of what the speakers say, and to the authority with which they say it. Viewed in that light, we find that the majority of what might look like causal attributions turn out to look like argumentative claim‐backings. We then go on to flesh out the quasi‐pragmatic rules which might help to decide formally whether any given utterance is be er understood as an argument or a causal explanation. These rules revolve around the speaker's apparent intention and the projected relationship between the clauses in what she or he says. All of this takes us a fair way from attribution theory's model of explanation as the reporting of a cause, and we end up with an argumentative model of ordinary explan

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA quasi‐experimental field‐study (n = 314) investigated the consequences of framing the problem of HIV infection in terms of ‘risky practices’ versus ‘high risk groups’. It was reasoned that respondents in the risky practices frame would be more conscious of the risks to people in general leading them to make more pessimistic prognoses of HW spread than those for whom the issue had been framed in terms of high risk groups. This hypothesis was strongly supported on three related indices, and results also indicated more pessimistic prognoses by female than male respondents. The implications of these findings for framing AIDS related issues ar

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY