摘要:

AbstractPunitiveness in male movie‐goers in London, Philadelphia, Rome and Toronto was measured before or after they attended films varying in content (aggressive, sexual, neutral) and arousal potential (low, high). A second dependent variable, altruism, was also assessed for some Ss. Hypotheses stemming from social learning theory and arousal theory were tested by comparing changes in punitiveness at aggressive, nonaggressive arousing (sexual) and nonaggressive nonarousing (neutral) films. At aggressive films there was an increase in punitiveness whereas a reduction in punitiveness was found at neutral films. Sexual films led to a smaller (nonsignificant) increase in punitiveness than aggressive films. The findings implied that arousal was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for increasing punitiveness. There were no significant cross‐national differences in response to the films. Since the results did not generalize to other, nonaggressive responses, the film effects may be aggression‐specific. Two additional findings in the U.S. sample were that urban Ss were more punitive than rural Ss and that the length of urban residency correlated negatively with alt

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the central equation of Fishbein's attitude theory the overall affect attached to an object is equated with the sum of evaluation × belief strength for the salient beliefs held by the individual concerned. Two previous studies have shown equally good prediction of attitude whether the beliefs used are those spontaneously elicited by each individual (ISB) or those most frequently elicited by the population (MSB). This result is replicated here in the context of an attitude change study. Fishbein's explanation for the efficiency, and occasional superiority, of modal sets of beliefs relative to individuals' own sets of beliefs, i.e., that MSB contain less non‐salient items than ISB which result from inaccurate, forced elicitation, cannot account for the results in the present study since it is shown that a large proportion of MSB were non‐salient for many of the subjects. Further, certain sets of beliefs known to be inappropriate, i.e., which were neither modally salient nor individually salient, are shown to be good predictors of attitude using the Fishbein equation. The implications of these findings for the theory and the practical use of the Fishbein technique are discu

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubjects were required to describe line drawings of two‐dimensional shapes at two levels of verbal codability, with and without using hand gestures. Elimination of gesture affected speech performance by changing the semantic content of utterances and the proportion of speaking time spent pausing; numbers of words, numbers of pauses, mean pause length and semantic content were found to be related to the verbal codability of the stimulus material; and the number of hesitations was related to both gesture and level of codabilit

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJudgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgments should produce less extreme impression ratings than more thoughtful judgments. None of three indices of integrative activity (impression ratings, component ratings and variance of impression ratings) detected a difference between the snap and thoughtful response conditions for early and late judgments in a series, for moderate or extreme traits, or for between‐ or within‐subjects designs. These findings suggest that certain boundary conditions need to be placed on the assumptions underlying the averaging and meaning shift formula

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe new theoretical presuppositions used by Moscovici to explain social influence phenomena led him to show that the consistency of behavior can account for the influence of a minority. Experimental data confirm this idea. However, some counter‐examples, showing that consistency sometimes induces subjects to refuse compromises, are problematical. To clear up this apparent contradiction, a distinction is made between behavioral style (in the face of the majority norm) and the style of negotiation (in the face of the population the minority wants to influence). A first experiment, then, shows that when two minorities are seen as equally consistent, the minority with a flexible style of negotiation has more influence than the more rigid minority. A second experiment deals with Ss' perception of the source of influence and clarifies the effects of minority negotiations; the links between opinions, opinion change and perception of others are also clarifie

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis experiment aims at testing the relationship between the aggressive meaning of slides and the viewers' behavior. Three sets of slides varying in their perceived aggressive content (revolver, whistle and a box of chocolate milk) were shown to three groups of Ss who had to choose the intensity of electric shocks they wanted to administer to a partner. As expected, viewing a highly aggressive slide increased the aggressive behavior of the Ss who had been insulted. These results broaden the generalizability of the Berkowitz and LePage (1967) original finding, and they cannot be explained by Page and Scheidt's (1971) criticisms.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of shifting opinions within a group upon majority opinion, communication between members and perceived attractiveness of other members were studied. Each subject perceived himself to be a member of the majority in a group whose opinion was divided 6–2 on an important issue. But later one to three group members changed their vote. Six conditions of change were established: Control, majority reactionary, majority compromise, majority defection (5‐3), minority compromise, minority compromise plus majority reactionary. Only majority compromise or defection affected majority opinion (private and public). Majority members were disliked when they deviated from majority opinion, but particularly so when they shifted toward minority opinion. Minority members were liked most when they induced a majority member to compromise (but not defect). Majority communication to minority occurred most when the minority was compromising, but most disagreement with minority opinion was expressed when a majority member had either compromised or defec

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420050211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY