ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalyzed social judgment theory of attitude change and studied placement of a communication and opinion shift in an experiment on visual perception. In a 3 × 3 design plus a control group, 110 undergraduate college students (50 men and 60 women) received a communication after estimating the number of dots on 14 slides. The communication varied at three levels of ambiguity and three levels of discrepancy. Ss gave estimates of the communication from memory (measuring assimilation) and gave a second set of their own estimates (measuring opinion shift). Assimilation varies directly with ambiguity (p<.00l) but is unrelated to discrepancy. Opinion shift varies significantly as a function of discrepancy (p<.00l) but is unrelated to ambiguity. Authors hypothesize assimilation and opinion change may be negatively correlated at small discrepancies but directly correlated at large discrepancies

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigated associations between the questioning and answering behaviour of mothers and children in a design that allowed analyses within as well as between social classes. Thirty‐two six‐year‐old children volunteered their knowledge and asked questions of their mothers about a variety of objects in a natural context.Social class differences in the children were found in the quality of questioning and the amount of knowledge displayed, but for the latter there were differences between tasks, and the incidence of questioning confounded the predictions made. Class differences in mothers' behaviour likewise differed by task.An index of the mothers' provision of cognitive meaning and of feedback was shown to correlate highly with children's rates of questioning and knowledge revealed both within and across cl

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA multidimensional scaling procedure was used to explore the role of cultural background, language and geographical region in the process of Welsh identity. Welsh bilinguals and Welshmen who could speak only English made similarity judgments among stimulus people represented by all possible combinations of these three factors and the anchor stimulus MYSELF. The results showed that language spoken was the most important dimension of ethnic identity for both groups, with cultural background and geographical region playing subordinate roles. These findings were discussed in relation to similar research conducted in Canada.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the effects of group discussion on the extremity of person perception judgements with a view towards (a) evaluating the role of alternative ‘modes of interaction’ in selectively inducing polarization or moderation of judgements, and (b) further extending the generality of the group polarization phenomenon. Two traditional theories of group shift (leadership theory, value theory) were also evaluated. Both the video‐taped stimuli and the subject, object and situation‐relevant measuring instrument were specially developed in a pilot study (N = 90) in order to approximate real‐life conditions. The person stimuli were rated by subjects (N = 72) in a traditional repeated measures design, with a control group for familiarization effects. Free exchange of opinions in group discussion was either encouraged or discouraged. A significant polarization effect with marked postdiscussion recidivism was found when spontaneous interaction was encouraged, while group consensus judgements were more moderate in the more formalized group interaction condition. Neither of the traditional theories examined were supported by the data. The results are discussed in term of their potential relevance to real‐life groups specializing in person perception judgements (juries, interviewing panels), and the connection between the mode of interaction formulation and other recent theories of the group shift are examined, with some suggestions for the further elaboration of the pr

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as ‘intentional emission of noxious stimulation’ (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of ‘injuriating goal response’ (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical. The usefulness of these theories to predict S's reaction to the reception of a given noxious stimulation is questioned. It is suggested that S's reactions to noxious stimulation may or may not be aggressive, depending on whether the noxious stimulation S receives is interpreted as being a behavior justified by the nom in the situation, or as reflecting an aggressive intent of O. It is hypothesized that the norms established in the situation depend on (i) victim's perception of the noxious stimulation received as being instrumental for O's goal attainment, (ii) victim's perception of the value of O's goal, and (iii) the value of victim's own goal. The establishment of norms regulating the exchange of noxious stimulation between Ss is operationalized in two experiments. Aggression, defined as an infringement of these norms, is measured. In Experiment I, participate 56 female students, and in Experiment 2, 80 male students. Subject is alternately victim (he performs a sensorimotor task and receives an electric shock) and aggressor (he shocks the other S). In Experiment I it is found that Ss counteraggress faster and more frequently if they interpret the shock received from the partner as an infringement of the norm. In Experiment 2, Ss do not counteraggress more frequently, but they do counteraggress faster and evaluate O more negatively. It is concluded that the results clearly contradict current positions and favor the authors' cognitive reformulation of the determinants of aggressive b

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigated the effects of fear arousal and sidedness variables on compliance with a dietary regimen.Experiments involved 202 women volunteers who were 10 per cent or more overweight, and aged 20‐60 years. Experiment 1 involved a 3 (low, medium, high fear) × 2 (single, multiple exposure to fear message) × 2 (one‐, two‐sided communication) design. The fear levels involved discussing the health hazards of obesity. Experiment 2 manipulated the fear‐message position relative to the recommendations (fear‐recommendations, recommendations‐fear, fear‐delay‐recommendations).Persuasive impact was measured via follow‐up weight checks at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks.Results indicate nonsignificant effects from sidedness and pre‐standardised fear levels. Using subjects' fear arousal ratings medium fear is significantly better (p<.025), supporting Janis's curvilinear hypothesis. A single exposure to the fear message is superior (p<.025) to multiple exposures, the interaction with time being highly significant (p<.001). Experiment 2 results indicate the optimum position for the fear message as immediately prior to recommendations (p<.025). Results support both cognitive and fear‐reduction hypotheses, but

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420070211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY