摘要:

AbstractIt is argued that compliance in groups will be highest where the composition is maximally confrontation‐generating; identification will be highest where composition is support‐generating; and internalisation will be highest where both some support and some confrontation are present. The hypotheses were tested in sixteen one‐day experimentally composed T‐groups. All the hypotheses were supported, particularly the first two. In this setting internalisation was found to be related to confrontation but not to

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven experiments were conducted which measured changes in the subjects' actual performance resulting from manipulated personal and categorical comparison of performance with another subject. In line with Festinger's (1954) theory of social comparison of ability, it was found that subjects who were visually isolated from sources of evaluation (setting 2, experiment 2 and 3) showed relatively low performance after a VI (very inferior) or VS (very superior) outcome and relatively high performance after an EQ (equal) outcome, whereas subjects who were visually exposed to sources of evaluation (setting 1, experiment 1 and 4) showed relatively low performance only after a VS outcome and relatively high performance after both a VI and EQ outcome. When (also in setting 1) the manipulation of outcome was combined with a manipulation of expectation (experiment 5), it was found that an EQ expectation did not alter the original pattern of outcome effects, but that a VI or VS expectation markedly influenced the effect of outcome: A complete confirmation of VI expectation and an almost complete disconfirmation of VS expectation resulted in relatively high performance, whereas all other combinations of VI or VS expectation with a given outcome resulted in relatively low performance. Finally, it was found that changing the manipulation of personal comparison of performance of the previous experiments into a manipulation of categorical comparison of performance of the previous experiments into a manipulation of categorical comparison of performance (experiment 6a and 6b) resulted in a pattern of data wich was about the opposite of the typical previous pattern. In setting 1 (experiment 6a), the subjects' performance was relatively low after being categorized into a VI or EQ category and relatively high after being categorized into a VS category, whereas in setting 2 (experiment 6b) both the VI and VS categorization resulted in the same performance and the EQ categorzation resulted in a slightly lower performance.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe tried to find out why Ss chose a specific risk level. We, therefore, constructed a questionnaire with 30 statements about aspects of the contents of the choice dilemmas. A factor analysis of the 30 statements over ten choice dilemmas and 61 field‐officers led to a structure of four cognitive elements. With these four factors as predictors we could explain a main part of the variance of the individual risk level of each choice dilemma. This regression analysis was done with normal product‐moment‐correlations and with scalar‐products. Both analyses show great similarity, although it seemed to be better to use scalar‐products because one can use the information of the means. The four cognitive elements could be interpreted as: (1) Decision‐making strategy; (2) Responsibility for others; (3) Reputation; (4) Socially value

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the effects of fear‐ and anxiety‐inducing situations on affiliative behaviour of approach‐oriented and avoidance‐oriented Ss. Two samples of high school and university students were utilized to examine the following hypotheses: a) In fear situations, affiliative behaviour will increase in both approach‐ and avoidance‐oriented subjects; b) in anxiety situations, affiliative behaviour will increase in approach‐oriented subjects and decrease in avoidance‐oriented ones. The results confirmed the hypotheses for a verbal criterion of affiliative behaviour, and partially for a beha

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRelations between the representations of group members with respect to different elements in the group set‐up: The task, the others, the self and the group as a whole are analyzed from data collected in four experiments. Results show that the interrelations between these representations in the subjects' cognitive universe are determined by a combination of three separate principles which deal respectively with: 1) the degree of generality, complexity or semantic ‘globality’ of each element of the situation in the subjects' representation thereof; 2) the functional importance (particularly in determining behaviours in the situation) of each representation, as well as its centrality within the subjects' representational system. The functional importance and centrality of a given representation seem to be directly related in turn to the perceived normative character of the represented objects in terms of the group's objectives; 3) a process of social comparison between the self and others, according to which each group member tends to perceive himself as being more in harmony than the others with the norms and requirements of the situation as he perceives them. The discussion deals with the generality of the above re

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420040301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY