ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis experiment studied the effect of an individual's response style on different issues over a long period of time. A hypothetical situation depicted the repeated responses given by one person on a target issue and on four other issues for one year. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design varied consistency of the stimulus person's position on the target issue during the year (consistent or variable); his consistency on other issues during the year (consistent or variable); and social context (alone or dissenting group). Subjects were 155 college students. Results showed an interaction between consistency on the target issue and consistency on other issues for the three dependent measures (p<.001). That is, significantly greater persuasiveness, confidence, and dis‐positional causality were attributed to stimulus persons whose opinions were either completely consistent or completely variable on all issues during the year. Results suggest that the consistency of response style across issues—and not the constant advocacy of a specific position–is the crucial factor in the effectiveness of a long‐term minority

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwelve hundred Maori and Pakeha (White, European) children in New Zealand ranging from five to twelve years of age, have been tested for intergroup preferences in a series of studies. These investigations spanned the years 1961–1970, and were conducted in four different regions, Previous analysis of these results had concentrated on the ontogeny of ethnic awareness and attitude development, and has not succeeded in relating distinct regional differences to population characteristics such as density or contact rate. The present study re‐examines available data, following Tajfe's recent theoretical developments relating social identity to the process of social change, Two judges independently rated the four New Zealand regions in question in terms of perceived status relationships between Maori and Pakeha, ranging from relatively static to relatively fluid. Both resorted to two major variables in the judging: rural versus urban, and year of study. Inter‐judge agreement for ratings was total across the four regions. The resulting dimension was conceived as one which could reflect a restructuring of intergroup choices as a consequence of social change. It was found that Maori children have shown a clear shift away from out‐group preference as a function of urbanism and of time. While the rural context may have offered a form of security via a more ‘classical’ Maori identity, the collapse of this system in an urban context reveals Maori/Pakeha social inequity for what it is, particularly in the eyes of older children. This trend has been accelerated in the seventies by a knowledge of minority group assertions elsewhere, particularly in the United States. There is some evidence of a shift in Pakeha behaviour too. Blatant in‐group preference has diminished as a facet of social change, though Pakehas could retrench if a militant pattern appeared in Ma

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudied the reaction to facial deformities and the evaluation of physical and social handicap in connection with rehabilitation.Threshold and latency time of 40 male and 40 female normal subjects, reaction to male and female deformed and non‐deformed faces (Jive of each) was measured by tachistoscopic procedure. In test 1 subjects responded ‘man’/‘woman’, in test 11 ‘deject’/ ‘normal’. In test 111 seven additional and the pictures of the ten deformities of rests I, II were scored on degree of handicap.Results by use of a quasi‐four‐way analysis of variance (tests 1, 11) and factor analvsis (III) show significant differences in reaction to deformity versus nondeformity (p<.01). Sex takes longer to report with deformed females (p<.05), deformity with females (p<.01); deformitylnormality is reported differently with own versus other sex (p<.05). Increasing degree of deformity does not correspond to increase in reaction time; slight deficiencies cause reactions indicating confusion.Several levels of discrimination ‐ autonomic and social psychological ‐ and the possible use of evaluation scales to reveal psychological problems of facial

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study is concerned with attitude polarization as a function of two properties of a persuasive message: (a) its validity or acceptability and (b) its novelty. The latter is defined as the extent to which the message contains new arguments unlikely to have been already considered by the individual. Acceptability is assumed to be a necessary condition for inducing attitude change; the impact of novelty, therefore, was expected to be most pronounced for arguments of high validity. This hypothesis was tested in two related studies using arguments produced in response to choice dilemma items, widely used in research on polarization. First, it was shown that arguments rated as both valid and novel were perceived as more persuasive than arguments rated either as highly valid but obvious (non‐novel) or as low in validity (non‐valid) but novel. Second, when subjects read samples of valid arguments, their attitudes polarized in the direction advocated by the novel arguments rather than by the non‐novel ones. These findings are considered relevant to the polarization of attitudes in groups. Other research demonstrates that this phenomenon is the result of persuasive arguments raised during group discussion, The present study suggests why such arguments may be persu

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis research was devoted to the studv of minoritv influence in a context of originality of judgments. It was stimulated by a consideration of the role pla‐ved by the normative context in influence processes. In most research, this implicitlv underlies the phenomena studied. Thus, studies of social control have naturally appealed to the objectivity context. Innovation, in the social milieu in which it is involved, frequentlv implies an originality context. We hoped to study experimentally its effects on the process of social change.To this end, five experimental conditions were created, in which the originality norm was introduced in different ways – by experimental instructions, by influencing the perception of his own creativity by each individual and by using the time factor to encourage the fuller acceptance of this norm. In each condition, a consistent minority defended a deviant response in a colour perception task (the experimental paradigm used in our previous research using an objectivity context).The originality context affected the development of minority influence. Judgment based on perceptual evidence was abandoned to a significant degree, and new influence behaviours appeared. Individuals followed the minority or avoided the conflict by apparently original compromise responses. They were able to adopt several modes of response in the destructured way during the experiment, as they could oppose the minority by adopting a counter‐norm. Although these reactions depended on the way in which the originality norm was introduced, theprimary role in this process was nevertheless played by the minority, which provided the pole of attraction and persuasion in the

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical aggression of members of a powerful majority ethnic group against an opponent either from a powerless and discriminated against minority or from their own group was tested as a function of aggression directionality and aggressor's attitudes. It was hypothesized that under bidirectional aggression where the opponent could aggress as well, members of the powerful majority group would adjust their aggressive responses to that of their opponent's regardless of his ethnic origin and regardless of aggressor's attitudes. However. under unidirectional aggression where the opponent was powerless, it was expected that those subjects who held unfavourable attitudes toward members of the minority group would be more aggressive against an opponent of that group than against an opponent of his own ethnic group. Subjects who had neutral attitudes would be equally aggressive toward all opponents. Ninety‐six 11th grade vocational high school male students of Western origin, were given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to an opponent who was either of Western or Oriental origin in a competitive situation, Subjects were selected according to their attitudes toward Oriental Jews. Half expressed negative attitudes, the other half neutral attitudes. Half of the subjects expected their opponent to reciprocate shocks, the others did not. Contrary to expectations it was found that the attitudes of subjects of Western origin towards Orientals did not effect their aggressive behaviour. When aggression could not be reciprocated, all subjects were more aggressive toward an opponent of Oriental than of Western origin. The findings showed that when aggression was bidirectional, all subjects adjusted their aggressive behaviour, to their opponents'. However, they were less aggressive towards an opponent of Oriental than of Western origi

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420080311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY