摘要:

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the range, structure and determinants of lay people's implicit theories of delinquency. The different explicit psychological and sociological theories were reviewed as were studies on lay beliefs about crime and delinquency. After pilot interviews in which people were asked to list what they believed to be the major causes of delinquency, over 350 people completed a questionnaire in which they rated 30 explanations for their importance in explaining delinquency. The results showed numerous sex, age and voting differences. Conservatives tended to blame a person's poor education for his or her delinquency, while Labour voters tended to explain delinquency in terms of societal factors. A factor analysis revealed six clear explanation types for delinquency some of which were clearly related to explicit theories. Results were discussed in terms of the psychology of explanations and the relationship between explicit and implicit theories. Implications of this research were also noted.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubjects were asked to make justice judgments based on different comparison standards—intrapersonal and interpersonal standards. The intrapersonal standard of entitlement was induced through a promise. Subjects were either given more than ($4.00), less than ($1.00), or exactly ($2.50) the reward promised for completion of an assigned task. By providing subjects access to information pertaining to a confederate co‐worker's outcomes, subjects were able to evaluate the equitableness (an interpersonal standard) of the distribution. Confederates also received one of three levels of reward (i.e. $1.00, $2.50, or $4.00). It was found that evaluations of fairness depend on the criteria used in making the assessment; if intrapersonal comparisons are employed, subjects produce justice judgments quite different from those grounded on an interpersonal referent. A main effect for subject outcome was obtained when the prevailing standard was intrapersonal and an interaction between subject and confederate outcomes was found when the prevailing standard was interpersonal. One implication of these results is that it is possible for an equitable distribution to still be considered unj

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies are reported in which judges rated statements concerning the non‐medical use of drugs before rating their own attitude on the issue. In study 1,185 school and 73 university students rated their own attitude on four scales chosen to manipulate the value connotations of the response language, as well as a fifth scale labelled 'extremely opposed to/extremely in favour of the non‐medical use of drugs'. As predicted by accentuation theory, judges were more prepared to describe their own position in evaluatively positive than evaluatively negative terms: thus, pro‐drug judges gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (P+) where the pro‐drug end was positive and the anti‐drug end was negative, whereas anti‐drug subjects gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (A+) where the pro‐drug end was negative and the anti‐drug end was positive. Judges overall gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (EP) where both ends were positively labelled than on a scale (EN) where both ends were negatively labelled. Predictions of the variable perspective model were not supported, manipulation of the range of statements presented for judgement (through exclusion of either extremely pro‐drug or extremely anti‐drug statements) had no effect on self‐rating. Study 2 generalized the findings of the first experiment. Self‐ratings obtained from 48 school students were again found to be more ex

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the conditions under which an effort k made to reconcile inconsistent arguments in a message. It assumes, first, that reconciliation requires additional processing; and second, that it does not occur automatically but only when the set of inconsistent arguments are informative and must be integrated in the representation of the judgment. Subjects were given trait descriptions that varied in consistency as well as in informativeness. Their task was to use these descriptions in forming a judgement about a hypothetical person. It was found that the impact of consistency on the ease with which the judgement was made, as indicated by its latency, was more pronounced when the descriptions were highly informative than when they were relatively uninformative: It took much longer for an inconsistent set of trait descriptions to give rise to a judgement than a consistent set if the set was informative; if the descriptions were uninformative, the difference in the latency of judgement diminished considerably. These effects support the hypothesis that the amount of processing invested in reconciling inconsistencies among arguments is determined by the informativeness of these arguments. After making their judgement, subjects were given a surprise recognition memory test. The results provided further support for the notion that highly informative arguments are elaborated to a larger extent than uninformative arguments, namely, recognition memory for the former was superior to that for the latter.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA review of the literature pertaining to Rokeach, Smith, and Evans' (1960) belief congruence theory provided a context for discussion of some methodological and theoretical issues relating to conceptualization of the dependent variables, beliefcontent, belief discrepancy, meaningfulness of the race—belief comparison, attitude—belief feedback loops, attitude structure, and the relation between self and ideal similarity. The literature was judged supportive of a weak version of belief congruence theory which states that in those contexts in which social pressure is nonexistent or ineffective, belief is more important than race as a determinant of racial or ethnic discrimination. Evidence for a strong version of belief congruence theory (which states that in those contexts in which social pressure is nonexistent, or ineffective, belief is the only determinant of racial or ethnic discrimination) and was judged much more problema

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSixty adults from the city of Linz took part in this experiment. They read a story—The War of the Ghosts—in pairs, and were required to reproduce it either jointly, in dyads, or singly, and either immediately following or one week later. In addition they were asked a number of specific questions about the story, and gave various ratings of confidence and completeness. As predicted, social (dyadic) performance increased confidence, completeness and the incidence of implicational errors (errors which do not contradict the original). Delay significantly diminished confidence. Analyses of confidence for right and wrong answers indicated that subjective testimonial validity was substantial in all conditions. Analyses of objective testimonial validity showed that dyads are more trustworthy than individuals when they are correct, but are less trustworthy when they happen to be wrong. They overall conjidence I accuracy correlation across conditions of +0.6 masks the fact that the greatest obstacle to valid testimony is inappropriate confidence in wrong answers, especially in dyads, and especially immediately after the event. The incidence of implicational errors was highly related positively to measures of confidence and accuracy, whereas confusional errors were independent. Implicational errors are regarded as an especially important element in schematic recall, and are an important aspect of the superiority of social performa

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe number of newspaper articles about various diseases and the amount of attention given to these diseases by 7 British national daily newspapers were compared with the actual mortality statistics for these diseases. Spearman rank correlations showed that there was no correspondence between the press's coverage of disease and mortality statistics.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubjects judged the relationship between two diners who either divided their restaurant check equally, or who paid for exactly what they ordered (i.e. divided it equitably). Relative to persons dividing the check equitably, those making equal divisions were perceived as liking each other more, having a closer relationship, being better friends, and being more likely to see each other again.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420130201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY