摘要:

AbstractThe present study consists of three related experiments which are concerned with the development of national attitudes in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It was predicted on the basis of a structural interpretation of Allport's three‐stage developmental theory of prejudice that national attitudes will increase at first due to increasing consistency of judgment and decrease afterwards due to cognitive differentiation. The hypothesis is partially confirmed with respect to the attitudes of children towards other countries but not confirmed with respect to the attitudes of children towards people who are perceived as foreigners. A tentative explanation is offered for the last finding. It was shown moreover that the attitudes of older children display more cognitive balance than those of younger children. In connection with the last problem, a quantified modification Bf Heider's theory of balanced states was introduce

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTen introverts and 10 extraverts were selected from a student population on the bask of their responses to the E.P.I. The groups contained 5 men and 5 women and were matched for Neuroticism. Each subject took part in two 4‐minute conversations, one with a male confederate, one with a female confederate. The same two confederates were used throughout the experiment, and no attempt was made to programme any aspect of their behaviour. Two trained observers, who sat behind a one way screen situated close to the speakers, recorded the visual and speech behaviour of both subject and confederate by means of a four‐channel event‐recorder. The recordings were made for the last 3 minutes of each interaction. Extraverts Looked more frequently than introverts, but there were no differences between the two groups in the proportions of time spent in Looking and eye‐contact, or in the mean length of Looks. Extraverts also spoke more frequently than introverts, a finding which may complement that for the number of Looks. The findings could not be explained by the behaviour of the confederates, since they behaved consistently across the two groups of subjects. The experiment is discussed with particular reference to Mobbs (1968) and Kendon and Cook (1969). Comparisons of methodology a

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the context of a labour‐management simulation study, three‐man union teams were made to believe that they had either a very strong or a very weak bargaining positionvis‐à‐visthe other party. In half of each of these conditions, a cooperative and a competitive orientation toward the other group was induced. In preparation for the intergroup negotiations, the subjects were first asked to indicate their individual aspirations for three negotiation issues. After a group discussion, their collective aspirations were obtained.Regardless of the experimental conditions. groups set significantly higher aspiration levels than individuals on the most important issue but were more conservative and cautious on less important issues. In general, for all three topics, significant or near‐significant interactions were found between bargaining strength and the direction of the group‐induced shift. In the strong bargaining condition, groups set higher aspiration levels than the average of prior individual judgments; in the weak bargaining condition the opposite trend occurred. An effort was made to relate these findings to the various theories developed in the ‘risky‐s

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMoscovici and Zavalloni (1969) suggest that both risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion are examples of a general group tendency to polarize opinions. In the present experiment, using both attitude and risk items, group discussion did not make individual opinions more extreme; only the group average became more extreme. This group extremity increase was not simply a more general way of conceptualizing the directional shifts in attitude and risk; group extremity increase appeared to be an effect of discussion that was independent of the risk and attitude shifts.Also, subjects in the co‐working pretest of the standard risk‐shift paradigm were found to be less extreme and more ‘agreeing’ than pretest subjects who were truly alone. This co‐working/alone difference persisted after discussion and was not related to group extremity increase. On both attitude and risk items, group extremity increase was strongly correlated with group opinion convergence. It is argued from this correlation that group extremity increase may be an effect of some aspect of conformity

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn implication was examined of three assumptions of Personal Construct Theory. Personal and supplied construct systems were compared for their capacity to account for 34 subjects' behaviour in an independent sorting task. It was found that either construct system tended to account for a significant amount of the variance in sorting behaviour, but that more was accounted for by personal Construct systems. Observations were made on the way in which this phenomenon varied between subjects, sub‐tasks, and parts of construct systems. The assumptions examined were held to be relevant to Social perception and cognitive theorie

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDiscussions of intergroup behavior (e.g., Rabbie and Wilkens, 1971; Tajfel, Flament, Billig and Bundy, 1971) have drawn attention to the influence of both assumed similarity and anticipated future interaction between an individual and other members of his group on his tendency to assign more favourable outcomes to members of his own group than to members of another group. This note examines whether similar processes may also affect an individual's tendency to make intragroup discriminations between different members of a group to which he himself does not belong, in a situation where the variables of similarity and anticipated interaction may be treated as independent factors.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile a considerable amount of research has centered on explaining the risky shift (enhancement of risk acceptance through group discussion; see, for example, Dion, Baron, and Miller, 1970), few studies have investigated the generality of the phenomenon. Three of several ways in which the laboratory context is usually lacking of reality are: (a) The decision consequences are imaginary, as in the ‘Choice‐Dilemma’ situations used in most of the risky‐shift research; (b) the decision consequences ‐ even if they are real (e.g. money) ‐ are slight; and (c) the decisions are made for oneself (whereas in real life many decisions involve agents acting on behalf of others).The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the above three factors ‐ type of incentive, magnitude of stake and decision target ‐ using a betting task as the dec

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420020411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY